- Right Atrium - Right Ventricle - Left Atrium - Left Ventricle

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards by JASMINE JULIA MARI MUNOZ

A closed system of the heart and blood vessels
*The heart pumps blood
*Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all
parts of the body
*is to deliver oxygen and nutrients and to remove
carbon dioxide and other waste products

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

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Thorax between the lungs
Pointed apex directed toward left hip
About the size of your fist
Less than 1

Heart

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a double serous membrane

Pericardium

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Pericardium Next to heart

Visceral pericardium

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Pericardium Outside layer

Parietal pericardium

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fills the space between the layers of pericardium

Serous fluid

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Three layers of heart wall

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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*Outside layer
*This layer is the parietal pericardium
*Connective tissue layer

Epicardium

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*Middle layer
*Mostly cardiac muscle

Myocardium

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Inner layer
*Endothelium

Endocardium

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Covers the heart and attaches to the
pericardium

Epicardium

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Contracts to pump blood into the arteries

Myocardium

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Lines the interior chambers and valves

Endocardium

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Thin, serous(watery) membrane that is
continuous with the lining of the pericardium

Epicardium

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Thick layer of cardiac muscle

Myocardium

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Thin layer of epithelial cells that is continuous
with the lining of the blood vessels

Endocardium

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Right and left side act as separate pumps

HEART CHAMBERS

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Four chambers

Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle

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*Receiving chambers
* Right atrium
* Left atrium

Atria

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Discharging chambers
Right ventricle
Left ventricle

Ventricles

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Upper right chamber

Right Atrium

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Lower right chamber

Right Ventricle

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Upper left chamber

Left Atrium

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Lower left chamber

Left Ventricle

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Receives deoxygenated blood from the body via both the Superior(upper) vena cava and inferior (lower) vena cava and pumps into the right ventricle

Right Atrium

Receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary artery, which carries it to the lungs to be oxygenated.

Right Ventricle

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins and pumps it into the left ventricle.

Left Atrium

Receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta. The cell walls of the left ventricle are nearly three times as thick as those of the right ventricle owing to the force required to pump the blood into the arterial system

Left Ventricle

Allow blood to flow in only one direction

Valves

Four valves

- Right AV valve or tricuspid valve - Left valve or Bicuspid or mitral valve - Right semilunar valve or pulmonic/ pulmonary valve - Left semilunar valve or aortic valve

Between the right atrium and right ventricle

Right AV valve or tricuspid valve

Between the left atrium and left ventricle

Left valve or Bicuspid or mitral valve

At the entrance to the pulmonary artery

Right semilunar valve or pulmonic/ pulmonary valve

At the entrance to the aorta

Left semilunar valve or aortic valve

Has three cusps hence the name tricuspid

Right AV valve or tricuspid valve

Has two cusps, hence the name bicuspid

Left valve or Bicuspid or mitral valve

Has three half-moon shaped cusps

Right semilunar valve or pulmonic/ pulmonary valve

Has three half shaped cusps

Left semilunar valve or aortic valve

Closes when the right vent. Contracts and prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium

Right AV valve or tricuspid valve

Closes when the left vent. Contracts and prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium

Left valve or Bicuspid or mitral valve

Closes when the right vent. Relaxes and prevents blood from flowing back into right ventricle

Right semilunar valve or pulmonic/ pulmonary valve

Closes when the left ventricle relaxes and prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle

Left semilunar valve or aortic valve

backflow and repump

Incompetent valve

stiff= heart workload increased

Stenosis

Valve Pathology

* Incompetent valve = backflow and repump * Stenosis = stiff= heart workload increased * May be replaced * Lup Dub Heart Sound

The Heart: Associated Great Vessels

- Aorta - Pulmonary arteries - Vena cava - Pulmonary veins (four)

- Leaves left ventricle

Aorta

- Leave right ventricle

Pulmonary arteries

- Enters right atrium

Vena cava

- Enter left atrium

Pulmonary veins (four)

Rapid heart beat

* = Inadequate blood * = Angina Pectoris

* Blood in the heart chambers does not nourish the myocardium * The heart has its own nourishing circulatory system *Coronary arteries *Cardiac veins *Blood empties into the right atrium via the coronary sinus

CORONARY CIRCULATION

Heart muscle cells contract, without nerve impulses, in a regular, continuous way

Intrinsic conduction system (nodal system)

“Pacemaker”

Sinoatrial node

junction of right and left atria and ventricles

Atrioventricular node

Bundle of His

Atrioventricular bundle

Special tissue sets the pace

1. Sinoatrial node 2. Atrioventricular node 3. Atrioventricular bundle 4. Bundle branches 5. Purkinje fibers

impulse across atria

P wave

spread of impulse down septum, around ventricles in Purkinje fibers

QRS complex

end of electrical activity in ventricles

T wave

= release of ventricles from control

Damage to AV node

= lack of blood flow to the heart

Fibrillation

= more than 100 beats/min

Tachycardia

= less than 60 beats/min

Bradychardia

= slower heart beat

* Slower heart beat can lead to fibrillation

* Atria contract simultaneously * Atria relax, then ventricles contract

CARDIAC CYCLE

contraction

Systole

relaxation

Diastole

* Amount of blood pumped by each side of the heart in one minute

Cardiac output (CO)

(heart rate [HR]) x (stroke volume [SV])

= CO

* Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction

Stroke volume

CO =

= HR x SV

Stroke volume usually remains relatively constant

REGULATION OF HEART RATE

the more that the cardiac muscle is stretched, the stronger the contraction

Starling’s law of the heart

Increased heart rate

1. Sympathetic nervous system 2. Hormones 3. Exercise 4. Decreased blood volume

*Crisis *Low blood pressure

Sympathetic nervous system

*Epinephrine *Thyroxine

Hormones

*Parasympathetic nervous system * High blood pressure or blood volume * Dereased venous return * In Congestive Heart Failure the heart is worn out and pumps weakly. Digitalis works to provide a slow, steady, but stronger beat

Decreased heart rate

* Decline in pumping efficiency of heart * Inadequate circulation * Progressive, also coronary atherosclerosis, high blood pressure and history of multiple Myocardial Infarctions

CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE (CHF)

pulmonary congestion and suffocation

Left side fails

peripheral congestion and edema

Right side fails

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards

(81 cards)