1
Q
Pituitary Gland
A
A. Anterior Pituitary Gland
B. Posterior Pituitary Gland
2
Q
Uses chemical messages (hormones) that are
released into the blood
A
Endocrine System
3
Q
Amino acid-based hormones
A
Proteins
Peptides
Amines
4
Q
made from cholesterol
A
Steroids
5
Q
made from highly active lipids
A
Prostaglandins
6
Q
- Diffuse through the plasma membrane of target cells
- Enter the nucleus
- Bind to a specific protein within the nucleus
- Bind to specific sites on the cell’s DNA
- Activate genes that result in synthesis of new proteins
A
Steroid Hormone Action
7
Q
Non-steroid Hormone Action
1. Hormone binds to a membrane receptor
2. Hormone does not enter the cell
3. Sets off a series of reactions that activates an enzyme
4. Catalyzes a reaction that produces a second messenger molecule
5. Oversees additional intracellular changes to promote a specific response
A
Non-steroid Hormone Action
8
Q
Hormone levels in the blood are
maintained by
A
negative feedback
9
Q
low hormone levels in the blood triggers the release of
more hormone
A
A stimulus
10
Q
release stops once an appropriate level in the blood is
reached
A
Hormone
11
Q
- Endocrine glands are activated by other
hormones
A
Hormonal Stimuli of Endocrine Glands
12
Q
- Nerve impulses stimulate hormone release
- Most are under control of the sympathetic
nervous system
A
Neural Stimuli of Endocrine Glands
13
Q
- Changing blood levels of certain ions
stimulate hormone release
A
Humoral Stimuli of Endocrine Glands
14
Q
- Pea-sized
- Hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus
- Surrounded by the sella turcica (“Turk’s saddle”) of the sphenoid bone
A
Pituitary Gland
15
Q
– glandular tissue
A
Anterior pituitary
16
Q
nervous tissue
A
Posterior pituitary
17
Q
- General metabolic hormone
- Major effects are directed to growth of skeletal muscles and long bones
A
Growth Hormone (GH)
18
Q
- Stimulates and maintains milk production following childbirth
- Function in males is unknown
A
Prolactin (PRL)
19
Q
➢ Regulate hormonal activity of the gonads
A
Gonadotropic Hormones
20
Q
Stimulates follicle development (ovaries)and sperm development (testes)
A
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
21
Q
Triggers ovulation (females) and testosterone production (males)
A
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
22
Q
- Regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex
A
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
23
Q
Influences growth and activity of the thyroid
A
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
24
Q
- Release of hormones is controlled by
releasing and inhibiting hormones produced
by the hypothalamus
A
Pituitary - Hypothalamus Relationship
25
produces two hormones that
are transported to neurosecretory cells of
the posterior pituitary
Hypothalamus
26
* Stimulates contractions of the uterus during
labor
* Causes milk ejection
Oxytocin
27
* Can inhibit urine production
* In large amounts, causes vasoconstriction
leading to increased blood pressure
(vasopressin)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
28
* Found at the base of the throat
* Consists of two lobes and a connecting isthmus
* Composed of hollow structures called follicles
Thyroid Gland
29
Produces two hormones
▪Thyroid hormone
▪Calcitonin
30
* Major metabolic hormone
* Composed of two active iodine-containing hormones
Thyroid Hormone
31
secreted by thyroid follicles
Thyroxine (T4)
32
conversion of T4 at target tissues
Triiodothyronine (T3)
33
* Decreases blood calcium levels by causing its deposition on bone
* Antagonistic to parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin
34
* Tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid
Parathyroid Gland
35
* Stimulate osteoclasts to remove calcium from
bone
* Stimulate the kidneys and intestine to absorb more calcium
* Hypercalcemic
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
36
outer glandular region in three layers
Cortex
37
Inner neural tissue region
Medulla
38
Adrenal Cortex
Contains three concentric zones
-> Zona Glomerulosa (superficial)
-> Zona Fasiculata (middle)
-> Zona Reticularis (innermost)
39
Regulate mineral content in blood, water, and
electrolyte balance
Stimulated by renin and aldosterone
Inhibited by atrial natriuretic peptide
Zona Glomerulosa
40
Help resist long-term stressors
Released in response to increased blood levels of
ACTH
Zona Fasiculata
41
Responsible for formation of secondary sexual
characteristics
Zona Reticularis
42
These hormones prepare the body to deal with short-term stress
* Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
* Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)
Catecholamines
43
has both endocrine and exocrine functions
Mixed gland
44
α-cells
Hyperglycemic
45
Β-cells
Hypoglycemic
46
Delta cells
Inhibits pancreatic, and pituitary secretions
47
* Found on the third ventricle of the brain* AKA Epiphysis Cerebri
Pineal Gland
48
▪Helps establish the body’s wake and sleep cycles
Melatonin
49
Located posterior to the sternum
Largest in infants and children
Thymus
50
▪Matures some types of white blood cells
▪Important in developing the immune system
Thymosin
51
▪Produced by Graafian follicles or the placenta
▪Stimulates the development of secondary female characteristics
▪Helps prepare the uterus to receive a fertilized egg
Estrogens
52
▪Produced by the corpus luteum
▪Acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle
▪Helps in the implantation of an embryo in the uterus
Progesterone
53
Interstitial cells of testes are hormone-producing
Produce several androgens
Hormones of the Testes
54
▪Responsible for adult male secondary sex characteristics
▪Promotes growth and maturation of male reproductive system
▪Required for sperm cell production
Testosterone
55
preparing the breasts for lactation
Human placental lactogen (hPL)
56
causes pelvic ligaments and the pubic symphysis
to relax
Relaxin
57
is brought about by lack of efficiency of the ovaries
Menopause
58
production declines with age
Growth hormone
59
Diabetes Insipidus
– Hyposecretion of ADH
- Increased volume of urine
- Frequent urination
60
Hyposceretion of GH during childhood
Pituitary Dwarfism
61
Hypersecretion of GH during childhood
Pituitary Gigantism
62
- Hypersecretion of GH after long bone growth has ended
- Facial bones (ridges of eyebrows and lower jaw) are enlarged
- Hands also become enlarged
Acromegaly
63
Hyposecretion of FSH and LH for both males and females
Sterility
64
- Hyposecretion of Thyroxine in early childhood
- Short, stocky body type.
- Causes mental retardation of severe hypothyroidism
Cretinism
65
- Hypothyroidism in adulthood
- Adults-lethargy, weight gain, loss of hair
Myxedema
66
- Hyperthyroidism
- Causes exophthalmic goiter.
- Edema behind eyes causes bulging
Grave’s disease
67
- Enlargement of the thyroid gland
- Diet is deficient in iodine
Goiters
68
- ACTH accumulates causing stimulation of melanocytes (bronze skin color).
Addison’s Disease
69
* Hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex hormone, cortisol is primary problem.
* Results in Diabetes mellitus from increased blood glucose;
* Subcutaneous fat deposited in midsection;
* High blood pressure
Cushing’s Syndrome
ANAPHY
flashcards
Decks in class (21)
# Cards
-
OVERVIEW OF THE HUMAN BODY94
-
ANATOMICAL POSITION AND TERMINOLOGIES47
-
THE MICROSCOPE36
-
Cells and Tissues177
-
INTEGUMENTARY112
-
Skeletal50
-
Muscles90
-
Nervous Tissues103
-
Peripheral Nervous141
-
Blood and Lymphatic System106
-
Endocrine69
-
Cranial nerve11
-
Digestive System100
-
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM81
-
VASCULAR SYSTEM42
-
MACROSCOPIC AND MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM38
-
MACROSCOPIC AND MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM83
-
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM0
-
Special Senses44
-
Blood Practical27
-
MACROSCOPIC AND MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM52
