Neoplastic cells
An Abnormal, excessive growth of tissue, Cells lose their differentiation, reproduce without appropriate control and without responding to any cues
ex. Instead of reproducing every couple days they start to reproduce everday
THESE CELLS BECOME CANCEROUS
Anaplasia
A cellular change in which cells lose their speicalized charateristics that defines them and defines their tissue type
Atrophy
Decreased Cell size
ex. Muscle cells, if you don’t use them they become smaller
Hypertrophy
Increased cell size
ex. muscle cell, when you workout those cells increase in size
Hyperplasia
Increased number cell
Hypoplasia
Number of cells decreases
Metaplasia
Conversion of one cell type to another
Dysplasia
Disorderly growth
ex. Healthy cells are replaced with cells that undergo disorderly growth, they reproduce more quickly and don’t look or function like normal cells
Factors that cause damage to cells
- Temperature
- Ischemia
- Radiation
- Mechanical stressors
- Chemicals (toxins, ph imbalances)
- Infections
FACTORS THAT CAUSE DAMAGE TO CELLS
Ischemia
lack of blood flow and oxygen delivery to a set of cells
FACTORS THAT CAUSE DAMAGE TO CELLS
Temperature
Burns, colds
ex. burn your hand, cell damage will happen on the skin in and around the effected area
What happens when cell become damage?
If there is a stressor involved and it gets removed, cell typically repair themselves and turn back to normal
If the cell cannot recover death is the outcome
What are the two types of cell death?
Necrosis & Apoptosis
Necrosis
Membrane breaks apart - messy
Involved with inflammation
Apoptosis
Programed cell death - Neat
Damaged portions of the cell turn into vessicles and which are then absorbed by Phgocyte
What are the different types of Necrosis?
- Liquefactive Necrosis
- Coagulative Necrosis
3.
Liquefactive Necrosis/ fat necrosis
Role of enzymes,
Enzymes are released by cells and digest neighbouring tissues, producing fluid space. happens in brain tissue
Coagulative Necrosis
Hypoxic injury with damage to enzyme
Happens when cells are deprived of oxygen for 20-25 mins, cells die and enxymes within those cells don’t function properly, takes place in solid organs
Caseous Necrosis
Special case of coagulative necrosis,
Chessy, solid substance is left behide following damage to the tissue
Dry Gangrene
Occurs when the tissue dies, typically as a response to burns or hyothermia
There is a line of inflammation that runs along the effected area and can slowly grow its way up the healthy skin
Wet Gangrene
Occurs when a bacterial infection happens with dry Gangrene, fluid deveopment occurs and creates skin to bubble
Gaseous Gangrene
Caused by clostridium bacteria, Produces toxins and gas that rapidly destroy tissue blood cells and blood vessels
