Paramedic Sem. 1 > Pathophysiology Midterm #3 > Flashcards

Pathophysiology Midterm #3 Flashcards

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1
Q

ECG

A
  • Insite of conduction system in heart
  • Shows relationship between P wave QRS complex and T wave
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2
Q

Echococaridogram

A
  • An ultrasound of the heart
  • Looks at valve function and blood flow through valves
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3
Q

Auscaltations

A
  • Heart sounds
  • Vavle functions
    ex. Hear a heart mermer if there is a problem of blood backing up in the heart
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4
Q

What does ABG stand for

A

Arterial blood gas

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5
Q

What are different blood analysis

A
  • Electrolytes
  • Arterial blood gas (ABG)
  • Blood cell counts
  • Cholerstrol
  • triglycerides (LDL, HDL)
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6
Q

What does HDL and LDL stand for

A

HDL
- Hight density liproprotein
LDl
- Low density liproprotein

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7
Q

What is troponin

A
  • a protein that indicates death of heart cells
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8
Q

What is an angiograph

A
  • Picture of the blood vessels that can be used to measure or assess blood vessels in heart
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9
Q

What are some therapeutic interventions for cardiovascular health

A
  • Dietary changes
  • Regular exercise
  • Stop smoking
  • Medications
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10
Q

What are diurertics

A
  • Medications that increase uriary output by altering kidney function and changing ion channels casuing fluid to drive into the blood stream
  • Reduces blood volume/ BP
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11
Q

Angiotensin

A
  • Increases BP by vasoconstricting affecting water reabsorption
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12
Q

Cardiac glycosides

A

Decrease HR and increase BP and force of contraction

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13
Q

Angioplasty

A

A stent that is placed into a narrow part of a vessel and opens it up for better blood flow

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14
Q

What is an atherosclerosis

A

Narrowing or hardening of arteries due to plaque in the vessels

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15
Q

What can atherosclerosis cause

A

Coronary Artery/ Heart Disease (CAD)

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16
Q

what is Angina pectoris

A

Transient mismatch of O2 supply and O2 demands causing chest pain

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17
Q

What is a Myocardial Infarction (MI)

A

Lack of O2 to a portion of the heart for more than 20-25 minutes causing heart cells to die

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18
Q

What are some risk factors of atherosclerosis

A
  • 40+, mlale, pedispotions
  • Weight, diet, smoking, lifestyle, poorly controlled chronic disease
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19
Q

What is metabolic syndrome

A

A combo of obesity. lipid rich diet, high BP, and poorly controlled DM

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20
Q

What are the 3 steps of atheromas

A

Phase 1 - Formation of fatty streaks
Phase 2 - Formation of fibrous plaque
Phase 3 - Formation of a complex lesion

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21
Q

What are atheromas

A

plaques

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22
Q

What are some potential complianctions of an atherosclerosis

A
  • Decreased O2
  • Increased risk of thrombus
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23
Q

What is a thrombus

A

Embolus that obstructs blood vessels further downstream

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24
Q

What happens in Phase 1 of otheromas

A

Endothelial cells become damaged, causing an inflammatory response

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25
Angina
Partical blockage of artery in heart
26
MI
Complete blockage in an artery in heart
27
Transient ischemic attack
Caroid or cerebral arteries partial occlusion
28
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)/ stroke
Total obstruction in brain
29
Aneurysm
Blood vessel walls bulge out causing rupture and bleeding into the abdomen - Happens in the peripheral arteries
30
Periperal vascular disease
Total obstruction in legs
31
What are the different types of Anigna Pectoris
1. Stable Angina 2. Acute AnginaW
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What is Stable Angina
- Predictable - Chest pain resolves with rest or help from drugs - Associated with sudden increase in activity
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What is Acute Angina
- Unpredictable - Vasospasm caused by smoking, cold, stress, hyperventilation - Treatment with vasodilating drugs
34
Nitroglycerin
- Causes blood vessels to relax + dilate - Increases flow through vessels
35
What are the 3 things that Nitroglycerin does
1. Dialates systemic arteries 2. Dialates systemic veins 3. Dialates conary arteries
36
Unstable Angina
- Piece of atheroma that causes reduction in O2 supply and chest pain - Treated with clot busting drugs ot CABG
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Acute Coronary Syndrome - STEMI
- Complete ischemia for longer than 20min - Caused by alteroma + prolonged vasospam
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Area of necrosis
Area with collateral circulation
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Area of inflammation
Surrounds area od necrosis
40
Troponin
Released and a marker for cell death
41
What is a neuromusclar disorder
Condition were there is a disruption between the connection of muscles and/or nerves and the brain
42
What are common causes of Neuromusclar disorders
- Genetics - Autoimmune responses - Viral infections - Metabolic/ hormone disorders - Toxin exposure
43
VRG
Ventral Respiratory Group
44
DRG
Dorsal Respiratory Group
45
What is a pneumoconiosis
Fibrosis in lungs due to inhalation of fine particles, which particles are to small to be removed by muscus
46
What can pneumoconiosis cause
- Chronic inflammation
47
What are some CM of pneumonconiosis
- Dyspnea - Cough - Chest infection
48
What is the treatment for pneumonconiosis
Due to particles being to small to remove, TX is - Symptom relief - Moving pt away from irritants - Not smoking
49
Is Atelectasis a primary or secondary disease
Secondary
50
What is atelectasis
Inadequate inflation of lung, partial lung collapse, alveolar collapse
51
What are some different types of atelectasis
Obstructive - Air gets into lung diffuses decreasing pressure causing alveoli to collapse Contraction - Fibrosis of lung tissue causing loss of expansion Adhesion - Reduction of surfactant production
52
What is the some pathophysiology for atelectasis
- Blood vessels constrict - Increase pressure - Affects ability to exchange gases - Tachypnea - Tacycardia
53
What are the Clinic manifestations for atelectasis
Small - usually asymptomatic Large - Dyspnea, tachycardia, chest pain, tachypnea - Mediastinal shift
54
Pleural Effusions
Refers to fluid in the intraspleural space
55
PLEURAL EFFUSIONS What is exudative
Inflammatory leakage from blood vessel into tissue
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PLEURAL EFFUSIONS What is transudative
More filtration less reabsorption, shift in balane of starlings forces
57
PLEURAL EFFUSIONS What is Hemotorax
Blood in intrapleural space due to trauma, cancer, surgery
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PLEURAL EFFUSIONS What is empyema
Purulent fluid in intrapleural space
59
What are some CM for Pleural effusions
Small - Asymptomatic Large - Collapse of affected side - Medisternal shift - Chest pain - Dyspnea - Pleurisy (inflammation of pleura)
60
What are the 3 times of pneumothorax
1. Closed 2. Open 3. Tension
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What is a Pneumothorax
Air in the intrapleural space
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What is a coled pneumothorax
Damage to visceral pleural membrane Can be spontaneous or secondary
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What is an open pneumothorax
Damage to the partial pleural membrane
64
What is a tension pneumothorax
Causes one way valve to form leading air to be stuck in the intrapleural space
65
What are some CM of pneumothorax
CM - Cough - Chest pain - dyspnea - Unequal chest movements - Shock
66
What is a flail chest
Trauma to the chest causing a portion of the rib to seperate from the rest of the rib cage but remains attached to the pleural membrane
67
What are some CM for flail chests
Paradoxial chest movement Inspiration - Flail area goes in Ecpiration - Flail area goes out
68
What is the treatmet option for a flailed chest
Repair the trauma
69
What is IRDS and what does it stand for
Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome - Occurs to premature births (>10 weeks) when the lungs are not able to produce surfactant thus the alveoli are more likely to collapse - Requires lots of energy from baby - RV must work harder to pump blood to lungs
70
Clinical Manifestations
- Respiratory distress - Serve tachypnea - Decreased BP - Hpoxia - Cyanosis - Puripheral edema
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What are the TX options for IRDS
- Exogenous surfactant, positive pressure ventilation - Piror to birth, corticosteroids to mom to stimulate surfactant production
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What is ARDS and what does it stand for
Acute/ Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome - Inflammation in lungs due to many reasons impacting the alveolier cell and capillary cells
73
What is the path of ARDS
- Decreased surfactant - diffusion atelectasis - Forces RV to work hard to get blood into lungs
74
What are some CM for ARDS
- Dyspnea - Tachycardia - Tachypnea - Pallor - Decreased pO2 - Increased fluid build up in lungs
75
What are the TX options for ARDS
- Deal with primary problem, supportive care with O2 - Supportive fluid to offset loss during inflammation should be done carefully
76
What is a dysrhythmias
Irregular heart beat caused by electrolical signals of the heart
77
What is the SA Node and what does it do
- The pacemaker for the heart - Makes connections with other parts of the heart for electrical signals
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What is the process of the electrical signals being sent through the heart
1. SA node 2. AV node 3. Bundle of HIS 4. Bundle of HIS branch off into left and right sides
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What can cause a dysrhythmia
- Damage to cardiac system - Drugs - Electrical imblance
80
Sinus Rhythm
60-100bpm
81
Sinus tachycardia
>100bpm
82
Sinus bradycardia
<60bpm
83
Atrial dysrthythmia
160-350bpm
84
Atrial fibrillation
>350bpm clots can form
85
Premature atrial contraction
No rest period between T wave and P wave
86
How long should the PR interval be
0.12 - 0.2 seconds
87
First degree AV block
PR interval is > 0.20
88
Second degree AV block
Some P waves do not lead to a QRS complex
89
Third degree AV block
P waves are not connected to QRS complex
90
Superventricular tachycardia
No p waves (Other artial cells become pacemakers)
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Ventricular tachycardia
Monomorphic - A pattern - Only one form
92
Premature ventricular contraction
QRS complex without a p wave
93
Ventricular fibrillation
- Conduction is random - Ventricles cannot fill
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Asystole
- No conducting - Flat line
95
What are dysrhythmia CM
- Decreased PO2 - Increased PCO2 - Baroreceptors respond
96
What is heart failure
Decreased Cardiac Output (CO)
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What causes CHF
Poor muscle contraction - MI - Cardiac myopathy - Certian dysrhythmia Overcome resistance or pressure - Hypertension - Vavle problem - Stenotic vessels
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What is a secondary problem that happens do to CHF
- Increased workload - Reduced Cardiac Output - Reduce stroke volume = blood backing up
99
What are some CM of CHF
- Low PO2 - High PCO2 - Increased SNS activation --> tachycardia, pallor, oliguina
100
What are the 3 different types of Hypertension
1. Type 1/ primary 2. Secondary 3. Maligant/ resistant
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What is Primary Hypertension
- 90% of cases - Increased risk in age, males, african amercian - Alcohol abuse
102
What is secondary Hypertension
- Associated with endocrine disorder - Can be caused due to kidney disfuction, not urinating as much causes the body to absorb more water causing higher blood volume and increase pressure
103
What is Malignant/ resistant Hypertension
- Does not respond to meds - Often high diastolic pressure
104
What is the patho of Hypertension
- Increased resistance - Vaso C (reduces blood flow to kidneys) - Activates RAAS
105
What are TX options for Hypertension
- Weight - Good diet - Stop smoking and drinking - Medicatins (diurectics, Beta Blockers, Vasodiators)
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What is Shock
Sharp drop in BP
107
What are some different types of shock
Hypovolemic - Excessive loss of blood Cardiaogenic - Poor cardiac function Vascogenic - neurogenic + anaphyactic Septic - inflection of blood + systemic inflammation
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What is neurogenic shock
Decreased sympatetic activity
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What is anaphyactic shock
Allergic reaction shock
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What are some CM for shock
Early - Thirsty - Cool, pale, mosit skin Later - Weak pulse - Tachypnea Decompensated - Hypoxiemia - Decreased HR - Organ disfrunction Septic shock - warm, dry skin - Strong pulse - Hyperventilation
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