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Cells Flashcards

cell 1 (135 cards)

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1
Q

Prokaryotic Ribosomes

A

70s
Larger subunit 50s
Smaller subunit 30s

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2
Q

Eukaryotic ribosomes

A

80s
Larger subunit 60s
Smaller subunit 40s

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3
Q

Plastids

A

1.Proplastid
2.Leucoplast
-Amyloplast
-Elaioplast
-Proteinoplast
3.Etioplast
-Chromoplast
-Chloroplast
-Gerontoplast

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4
Q

Do prokaryotic cells have histones?

A

No.
( they have NUCLEOID protein)
which is non-histone DNA binding protein

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5
Q

Do prokaryotic cells have chromatin or chromosomes?

A

No

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6
Q

Do prokaryotic cells have hydrogen pumps?

A

Yes

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7
Q

Do prokaryotic cells have sodium/potassium pumps?

A

No, they don’t.

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8
Q

Do eukaryotic cells have a capsule?

A

No
(a capsule is a thick, sticky, outermost protective layer that sits outside the cell wall usually made of polysaccharide) found in pro

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9
Q

Do prokaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton?

A

Yes

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10
Q

Types of chromatin

A

Euchromatin (Genetically expressible, active, transcribable and loose)
Heterochromatin (Genetically inactive, and dense)

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11
Q

SER

A

lipid synthesis
carb metabolism
detox
ca 2+ storage

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12
Q

What is the relationship between the nucleus and the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

The rough endoplasmic reticulum’s membrane is physically continuous with the membrane of the nucleus

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13
Q

Centrisome consists of ____ (how much) centrioles.

A

2 arranged at a right angle

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14
Q

How many microtubules make up one centrisome?

A

54

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15
Q

How many microtubules make up one centriole?

A

3 x 9 =27

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16
Q

Do animal cells have vacuoles?

A

Yes small ones

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17
Q

formation of disulphide bridges and folding of protein is functions of

A

RER , these are post translational modification

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18
Q

Organelles with double membranes

A

Nucleus, Mitochondria, and Chloroplast

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19
Q

Facial Bones

A

My mouth’s palate never liked zucchini in vinegar
2x Maxilla
Mandible
2x Palatine
2x Nasal bones
2x Lacrimal
2x Zygomatic bones
2x Inferior nasal concha
Vomer

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20
Q

Cranial bones

A

2x Parietal bones
2x Temporal bones
Frontal bone
Occipital bone
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone

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21
Q

The circular structure inside the nucleus that is responsible for making ribosomes

A

Nucleolus

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22
Q

Fuction of nucleolus

A

80s ribosomes synthesis

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23
Q

Mitochondria has __ membranes. Their structure are ___

A
  1. The outer membrane is permeable but the inner membrane (cristae) is impermeable to small molecules.
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24
Q

Proteins made in the secretary pathway are meant for _____

A

ER, Golgi, Plasma membrane, Lysosomes, or outside of the cell

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25
ph of lysosome
very acidic
26
Peroxisomes’ function
peroxisomes are vesicles that contains phosopholipid and enzymes * *Oxidases* break down fats and amino acids to produce hydrogen peroxide (toxic) * *Catalases* breaks down hydrogen peroxide.
27
Microtubules are made out of ____ proteins.
Tubulin
28
Many tubulins made up the _____ .
Microtubules
29
Microtubules’ structure
Alpha tubulin + Beta tubulin = Dimer. Many dimers = Microtubules
30
What structures are made of microtubules?
Mitotic spindles, cilia, flagella(sperm), centrioles, and centrisome
31
What a the terminology for the motion of flagella
Undulating motion or propeller-like motion. | allows cells to move forward
32
Microtubules Organizing Centre (MTOC)
1. Centrioles 2. Basal body: Cilia and Flagella | also transports vesicles and organelle
33
Are microtubules dynamic?
Yes | dynamic: can be lenghtened or shortened at their two ends ( + , -)
34
Are intermediate filaments dynamic?
No
35
What structures are made of intermediate filaments?
Keratin, and nuclear lamina | nucleal lamina is the skeleton for nuclear envelope
36
Microfilaments are also called ___ filaments.
Actin ## Footnote smallest of all
37
Role of *Microfilament*
1. regulates shape of the cell 1. gross movement 1. formation of pdeudopods ## Footnote Dynamic
38
Vesicles are transported around the cell by ______.
Microtubules
39
Cells’ individual gross movement is carried out by ______ filaments.
Actin or microfilament
40
Microfilaments’ monomer is called “____”
Actin
41
The shape of the cell is governed by _____
Microfilaments
42
Phagocytes’ pseudopodia is made by the movement of ______ inside the cell.
Microfilaments
43
stroma
* 70s ribosomes * circular DNA * RNA * proteins, glucose, coenzymes (NADPH)
44
role of stroma
Site of * dna replication * transcription * translation * part of photosynthesis (calvin cycle)
45
thylakoid membrane
site of light reaction
46
Cell junction types
1. Tight junction 2. Gap junction 3. Desmosomes 4. Hemi-desmosomes 5. Plasmodesmata
47
Algae is a _______
Protist
48
Protist examples
Algae, euglena, amoeba, slime moulds
49
origin of plastids
endosymbiotic theory | found in plants certain protists and algae
50
Carotenoids ## Footnote pigments that give colour
1. Xanthophylls 2. Carotenes 3. Lycopenes 4. Astaxanthin
51
Xanthophylls
Lutein, Zeaxanthin
52
What is Lutein?
A carotenoid found in chromoplast
53
Leucopasts have _____ structures.
Tubular | and found in non ps areas such as roots seeds bulbs etc
54
Leucoplasts’ function
Storage and synthesis of Amyloplast: starch Proteoplast: proteins Elaioplast: Lipid
55
Plastids are found in _____
Protists and plant cells
56
# leave it What organelles are not considered as non-organelles?
Ribosome, cytoskeleton, centrosome, nucleolus, proteosome
57
Types of micro bodies
Peroxisomes Glyoxysomes Glycosomes
58
Where do micro bodies come from?
Pre-existing micro bodies or the endoplasmic reticulum. | composed of phospholipids protein (enzymes)
59
Peroxisomes’ function
* Lipid metabolism and detoxification by oxidases: they oxidize toxic substances, and fatty acids * Lipid synthesis * Removal of hydrogen peroxide by catalases to prevent oxidative damage. ## Footnote role in metabolism
60
What are peroxisomes?
Microbodies involved in the breakdown of long-chain fatty acids and detoxification of hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) ## Footnote Peroxisomes are essential for lipid metabolism and synthesis of bile acids, especially in liver cells.
61
What is the primary function of peroxisomes?
* Breakdown of long-chain fatty acids through *B-oxidation* * detoxification of hydrogen peroxide. * Lipid metabolism and bile-acids synthesis. . | Detoxification is facilitated by the enzyme catalase
62
Where are peroxisomes located?
1. **Cytoplasm** of almost** all** eukaryotic cells. 2. They are especially concentrated in **kidney and liver **cells.
63
How are peroxisomes formed?
From the endoplasmic reticulum and other pre-existing peroxisomes This process involves the growth and division of existing peroxisomes.
64
What are the two main enzymes found in peroxisomes?
* Oxidases * Catalase Oxidases oxidize toxic materials and fatty acids, while catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide; the by product of oxidases catalyzed reactions.
65
What role do peroxisomes play in liver and kidney cells?
Detoxify alcohol and other harmful substances ## Footnote This is crucial for maintaining cellular health.
66
Glyoxysomes function | not imp
Convert stored fats into sugars during germination | in plant cells and fungi (some)
67
What is fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane?
Phospholipids are not static. They can move laterally, or flip.
68
What is cholesterol’s function in the plasma membrane?
It acts as a fluidity buffer. * at high temp/hot: prevents dispersion or decrease fluidity * at low temp/cold : prevents tight packing or increase fluidity
69
what can pass freely from cell membrane freely
lipid soluble and non polar molecule - o2, n2, co2, steroid hormones, vit A,D,E,K
70
cannot pass at all
ions (requires proteins) Na+ K+ Cl- etc large molecules : amino acids glucose nucleoside (less freely)
71
polar molecules
cannot pass through membrane | rely on transport membrane
72
small molecules
h2o, ethanol, glcerol can somewhat pass freely
73
Do endocytosis and exocytosis require ATP?
Yes
74
which protein spans one leaflet
peripheral protein | can functions as recognition sites receptors support structres etc
75
which spans whole membrane
integral protein | often transport proteins
76
Different types of channel proteins
1. Voltage-gated channel 2. Ligand-gated channel 3. Mechanical-gated channel 4. Leaky channel
77
Types of transport proteins
1. Channel proteins 2. Transporter proteins
78
Are there passive transporters?
Yes
79
True or false: All transporter proteins use ATP.
False
80
True or false: All transport proteins are integral proteins.
True
81
True or false: A transport protein can be a monotopic integral protein.
False | monotopic: spans one leaflet
82
Different types of integral proteins
Trans membrane integral proteins (span the entirety of the membrane) Monotopic integral protein (Only embedded in one side of the membrane)
83
Types of carbohydrates on the plasma membrane
1. Glycoproteins (oligo attached) 2. Glycolipids. Combination of them is called the glycocalyx. | roles: cell-cell recognition , cell signaling , immune system func
84
Which molecules can pass the cell membrane and which molecules cannot?
Hydrophobic molecules such as sterols can easily pass through the membrane. Small polar molecules such as water can technically pass through the membrane but it is so inefficient that transport proteins are required. Larger polar molecules are more difficult to pass. Charged particles (ions) cannot pass the membrane.
85
Virus Structure
1. Nucleic Acid (genetic material) 2. Capsid made from capsomeres (protein) 3. Envelope **optional** -made from membrane (phospholipid) and glycoproteins -not all viruses have one | not made of cells
86
capsid envelope
* made from capsomere ----> protein * envelope ---- *phospholipid and glycoprotein*
87
gennetic material of virus
can be: ss/ds DNA or ss/ds RNA linear or circular
88
Virus shapes
1. Helical 2. Icosahedral 3. Complex shape | capsid cylinder like in *HELICAL* AND ICONSAHEDRAL in ics (20 faces)
89
naked icosahedral
hepatitis A | no envelope = naked
90
enveloped icosahederal
Herpes
91
enveloped helical
Rabies
92
naked helical
tmv tobacco mosaic virus
93
ss RNA linear ds RNA linear
1. Rabies 2. Herpes
94
HIV
retrovirus ss linear RNA envoleped icosahederal
95
Different types of viral (bacteriophage) life cycles
Lytic cycle Lysogenic cycle | exception retrovirus they dont engage in these cycles
96
How can a virus infect a cell?
1. Direct injection (Bacteriophage) 2. Envelope-plasma membrane fusion (HIV) 3. Receptor mediated endocytosis (Influenza) 4. Direct penetration/ pore formation (Polio) 5. Mechanical damage (Tobacco mosaic virus)
97
HIV structure
HIV is a retrovirus and it has a enveloped icosahedral shape 1. Viral genome ( 2 single stranded linear RNA) 2. Enzymes: integrase, reverse transcriptase, and proteases 3. Capsid 4. Membrane 5. Envelope 6. Glycoproteins
98
How do HIV particles enter the cell?
Via envelope to plasma membrane direct fusion
99
Describe the infectious process of the human immunodeficiency virus.
- envelope helps the virus fuses with the targeted cells - reverse transcriptase makes double stranded DNA from single stranded RNA - integrase integrates the DNA into the host cell genome - HIV can now be transcribed by the cell - Enzyme protease helps prepare the HIV, making them mature and infectious, by cleaving the long chains polypeptide into smaller functional ones - HIV leaves the cell and takes the host membrane to from an envelope
100
proteases enzyme in HIV
Enzyme protease helps prepare the HIV, making them mature and infectious, by cleaving the long chains polypeptide into smaller functional ones
101
integrase enzyme
incorporates viral DNA into host genome
102
Reverse transcriptase
Turns viral RNA into viral DNA
103
Prokaryotic cells do not have ______ in their plasma membrane.
1. Cholesterol
104
The region inside prokaryotes where the DNA is stored
Nucleoid
105
Types of pili and function
Sex pili: Allow chromosomes to transfer between bacteria F-Factor: fertility factor produces sex pili Locomotive pili: motion Fimbriae: Adhesion/Cohesion, motion
106
Bacterial shapes
Cocci- ball shaped Bacilli- Rod shaped
107
Arrangements of cocci and bacilli
108
Gram positive and gram negative bacteria
109
gram +ve
thick cell wall' stains purple
110
gram -ve
* thin cell wall' * stains pink * outer membrane of *lipopolysachharides* (often toxic ) * harder for body to kill ( more resistant to antibiotic)
111
how can a bacteria directly develop resistance to antibiotics
* mutation: can be favourable * conjugation: resisgtant gene passed * binary fission : **No** it's just replication of cell
112
Cell junction types
1. Tight junction 2. Gap junction 3. Desmosome 4. Hemidesmosome 5. Plasmodesmata
113
Tight junction features and where will u find it?
Water tight seal connecting two cells, water, and ions cannot pass through. Intestines, and bladder also in blood brain barrier, renal tubule, lung alveoli | "prevents leaking" "barrier" "impermeable"
114
Desmosome features and where will u find it?
Connect via cytoskeleton and hold two cells together like a Velcro - **strongest** type of cell junction but water and ions can flow through - skin, intestines, cardiac muscles and uterine cervix | function: "adhering and attachement " ## Footnote needed in stress resisting tissue, *intermediate filament* provides resistant to mechanical stress
115
Gap junction
A tunnel between two cells allowing fluid to flow through cells Cardiac cells, and neurons | direct exchange of ions, small molecules, signals
116
Plasmodesmata features and where will u find it?
Found in plant cells Allows Cytosol to flow through different cells
117
Extracellular matrix components and function
Components 1. Proteins - Collagen (mainly) - Fibronectin - Elastin 2. Glycosaminoglycans (Long chains of polysaccharides with amino sugars) 3. Glycoconjugates (Carbs linked to proteins and lipids) Function 1. Holding cell together to form a tissue 2. Cell communication 3. Cell migration | area outside the cell
118
Cell signaling types of receptors
1. Internal receptors 2. External receptors
119
Internal receptor types
1. Cytosolic receptors 2. Nucleus receptors
120
Epinephrine transduction cascade Receptor: ______ Secondary messenger: ________
1. beta adrenergic receptor (g protein coupled receptor) 2. cAMP
121
Depict the epinephrine transduction cascade step by step
1. Epinephrine binds to the G protein coupled beta adrenergic receptor. 2. While g-protein typically holds a GDP, it holds GTP when it is activated by the GPCR. 3. Activated G protein activate the enzyme adenyl cyclase in the plasma membrane, which catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP. 4. cAMP acts as a second messenger which binds to the enzyme kinase A. 5. Enzyme kinase A phosphorylates other proteins and eventually the cell response will be delivered. 6. The response depends on what kind of cell it a.
122
True or false: Eukaryotic cells have operon
False
123
True or false: Prokaryotic cells have chromosome
True
124
True or false: prokaryotic cells have nucleosomes
False
125
True or false: prokaryotic cells have histone
False
126
True or false: prokaryotic cells have chromatin
False
127
True or false: Prokaryotic cells have chromatin but no chromosome
False
128
True or false: prokaryotic cells have chromosome but no chromatin
True
129
Why do large organisms not have larger cells but instead more cells?
To maintain a high surface area-to-volume ratio for efficient material exchange.
130
What is a Central Vacuole?
A large vacuole that stores water inside the cell
131
What is the function of the Central Vacuole in plants?
Allows the plant to store water and other contents and to maintain pressure and thus the shape of the plant
132
How do winter wheat cells maintain membrane fluidity in cold temperatures? Which type of fatty acids are more common, and why?
* Adaptation: Increase unsaturated fatty acids in the membrane. * Reason: Unsaturated fatty acids have cis double bonds → kinks, preventing tight packing of phospholipids → maintains fluidity in cold. * Key concept: Cold → **more unsaturated** → membrane stays fluid; Heat →** more saturated **→ membrane stabilized. | Cold kinks keep membranes fluid.
133
golgi apparatus has
has cis and trans face | cis ; receives vesicles trans ; sends vesicles
134
Magnification formula
M = i/a | i = image size
135
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