Cells

Question 1

What is the cell membrane?

Answer 1

• Selectively permeable
• Allows solutes to move between the cell and the external environment
• Phospho lipid bi layer
• Contains a protein channel

Question 2

What is the Nucleus?

Answer 2

• Storage centre of cells DNA
• Nuclear pores: A protein channel that links the nucleus to the cytoplasm
• Nucleolus: the largest part of the nucleus

Question 3

What is the cell wall?

Answer 3

Function: rigid boundary for plant cells outside the cell membrane

Question 4

What is Cytoplasm?

Answer 4

• Surrounds the organelles

- Contains nutrients

Question 5

What are Ribosomes?

Answer 5

Function: protein synthesis

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER)

• moves proteins within the cell
• covered in ribosomes

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER)
-moves lipids around the cell

Question 6

What is the Golgi Apparatus?

Answer 6

Function: receives proteins form the rER and distributes them to other organelles or out the cell
- receiving, processing, packaging and shipping

Question 7

What are Mitochondria?

Answer 7

Function: converts energy food (sugar) into usable energy for wok (ATP)

Question 8

What are lysosomes?

Answer 8

Function: breaks down food particles, invading objects or worn out cell parts

Question 9

What are Cillia and Flagella?

Answer 9

Function: cell movement

• Cillia short extrusions from cell surface
• Flagella long extrusions from cell surface

Question 10

What is the Vacuole?

Answer 10

• Temporary storage of waste nutrients of water

- larger in plants then animal cells

Question 11

What is a Chloroplast?

Answer 11

• Used for photosynthesis
• Only in plants
• Converts light energy to chemical energy stored in bonds of glucose

Question 12

What comes in and out of the cell membrane?

Answer 12

IN:

• sugars
• protiens
• fats
• salts
• 02
• H20

OUT:
waste
-ammonia
-salts

Question 13

What are protein channels?

Answer 13

• Makes “doors” through the membrane
• allow substances in and out
• Specific channels allow specific materials in and out

Question 14

What percentage of cell membrane is made up of proteins

Answer 14

60%

Question 15

What determines the rate of diffusion?

Answer 15

• Steepness of the concentration gradient
• temprature
• The surface area
• Types of molecules
• It is passive transport so no energy is needed

Question 16

What is active transport?

Answer 16

• Cells that need molecules to move against concentration gradient
• Needs to pump into cell
• Uses energy due to being low to high

Question 17

What is Exocrysis?

Answer 17

The active movement of a substance out of a cell

Question 18

What is Endocrysis?

Answer 18

The active movement of a substance into a cell
Two types:
- Pinocytosis: “cell drinking”: entry of liquid substances
- Phagocytosis: “cell eating” entry of large solid substances

Question 19

What are the 4 tissue types?

Answer 19

• Epithelial (skin, lining of organs)
• Connective (cartilage, blood cells, bone)
• Muscular
• Nervous

Question 20

What is Epithelial tissue?

Answer 20

Tissue that forms the outer layer of organs

Question 21

What is Connective tissue?

Answer 21

Provides support for the body and helps holds the bodys parts together

Question 22

What is Muscular tissue?

Answer 22

• Responds to stimuli contracting and lengthening
• 3 cells, usually long and thin
  Three types:
• Skeletal: Voluntary, striated
• Cardiac: Involuntary, striated
• Involuntary: Smooth, non- striated

Question 23

What is Nervous tissue?

Answer 23

Made up of electrons

Question 24

What is Metabolism?

Answer 24

• The total of all chemical processes that take place in the body
• These chemical processes convert food you eat into energy and materials
• Urine and sweat are examples of metabolic waste

Question 25

Examples of Anabolic waste?

Answer 25

- They construct complex substances from simple ones - They use energy - Example: Protein synthesis

Question 26

What is Catabolic waste?

Answer 26

- They are destructive metabolic processes which break complex substances into simple ones - They release energy - Example: celleur respiration

Question 27

Cellular Respiration

Answer 27

Glucose + oxygen -----> water + carbon dioxide C6H12O6 + 602 -----> 6H2O + 6CO2 - First stage happens in the cytoplasm - The aerobic stages take place in the mitochondria

Question 28

What is ATP

Answer 28

ATP = adenosine triphosphate | - Made by mitochondria

Question 29

What are carbohydrates?

Answer 29

- They are used mainly as an energy source for cellular respiration - Examples are sugars and starches -

Question 30

What is Passive transport?

Answer 30

A type of membrane transport that does not require energy

Question 31

What is Osmosis

Answer 31

Movement of a solvent (such as water) through a semipermeable membrane

Question 32

What is Diffusion?

Answer 32

Net movement of a gas from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

Question 33

Difference between microtubules and microfilaments

Answer 33

Microtubes are long, hollow cylinders made up of tubulin products Microfilaments are double-stranded helical polymers made up of actin proteins

Question 34

What is homeostasis

Answer 34

the ability to maintain a stable internal state

Question 35

what is the role of oxygen within a cell

Answer 35

it is used for cellular respiration to break down sugars

Question 36

Difference between an active process and a passive process

Answer 36

Active process: requires energy Passive process: doesn't require energy

Question 37

Define concentration gradient

Answer 37

A concentration gradient occurs when the concentration of particles is higher in one area than in another

Question 38

Define osmosis

Answer 38

the diffusion of water or other solvents through a selectively permeable membrane