PSYCH 105 > Ch. 12 > Flashcards

Ch. 12 Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

Personality

A

an enduring set of internally-based characteristics that create uniqueness and consistency in a person’s thoughts and behaviours

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2
Q

Personality Trait

A

internally-based characteristic that make up one’s personality
- durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations

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3
Q

Three Distinct Elements: 1

A

Uniqueness: personality traits are specific to each person

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4
Q

Three Distinct Elements: 2

A

Consistency: how an individual behaves over time in similar situations

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5
Q

Three Distinct Elements: 3

A

Personality provides an explanation to account for the expression of the behaviour

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6
Q

The Psychodynamic Perspective

A

psychodynamic theorists look for the causes of behaviour in a dynamic interplay of inner forces that often conflict with one another

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7
Q

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory

A

Focused on:
- early childhood experiences
- unconscious conflicts
- sexual and aggressive urges

Powerful influence on behaviour
- eg; conversion hysteria – physical symptoms appear without a physical cause (like if someone goes blind due to stress - internal psychological trauma with physical symptoms)

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8
Q

Psychic energy

A
  • generated by instinctual drives
  • discharged directly or indirectly
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9
Q

Mental events: conscious

A

things we are aware of

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10
Q

Mental events: preconscious

A

things we are unaware of but that can be easily recalled

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11
Q

Mental events: unconscious

A

things we are unaware of

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12
Q

The Id

A
  • exists within the unconscious mind
  • the innermost core of the personality
  • the source of all psychic energy
  • the only structure present at birth
  • no direct contact with reality and functions in a totally irrational manner
  • controlled by the Pleasure Principle
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13
Q

Pleasure Principle

A
  • seeks immediate gratification or release
  • regardless of rational considerations and enviro relalities
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14
Q

The Ego

A
  • functions primarily at a conscious level
  • functions to keep impulses of id in control
  • decision making component (delays gratification and imparts self-control
  • operates according to the Reality Principle
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15
Q

The Reality Principle

A

tests reality to decide when (and under what conditions) the id can safely discharge its impulses and satisfy its needs

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16
Q

Secondary-Process Thinking

A

how can we maximize gratification without the negative consequences of acting against society’s expectations?

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17
Q

The Superego

A
  • the last personality structure to develop
  • the moral aspect of personality
  • controls impulses of id with external control
  • develops by the age of four or five
  • repository for the values and ideals of society
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18
Q

Conflict, Anxiety, and Defense

A

Ego cannot always control id = conflict
- anxiety when impulses of id threaten to get out of control

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19
Q

Defense mechanisms

A
  • weapon of ego
  • are distortions of reality
  • operate unconsciously
  • cause of maladaptive behaviour
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20
Q

Series of stages (of psychosexual development)

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A
  • focuses on specific pleasure-sensitive areas of body
  • adult personality is function of progressing through these stages
21
Q

Fixation

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A
  • arrested development where instincts focused on particular area
22
Q

Evaluating Psychoanalytic Theory: Difficult to test

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A

results genuine or result of ‘defense mechanism’?

23
Q

Evaluating Psychoanalytic Theory: Unconscious process

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A

nonconscious processes have been demonstrated

24
Q

Evaluating Psychoanalytic Theory: Psychosexual stages

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A
  • concept of childhood sexuality rejected
  • Issue = importance of early experiences & emotional attachment
25
Neo-Freudian Perspectives
- Jung's Analytical Perspective - Adler's Individual Perspective - Horney's Interpersonal Perspective
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Jung's Analytical Perspective: Personal unconscious
Freud's unconscious
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Jung's Analytical Perspective: Collective unconscious
unconscious store of the experiences of past generations of different people throughout the world - ancestral knowledge, aka archetypes
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Jung's Analytical Perspective: Evidence
universal knowledge; tendencies that people share; archetypes
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Jung's Analytical Perspective: Archetypes
universal thought patterns, images, and behaviour rituals triggered by specific situations, symbols, and images representing certain people, ideas, or beliefs - rebel, sage, hero, trickster, caregiver, monster, doppelganger
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Adler's Individual Perspective: Striving for superiority
- universal drive to adapt, improve oneself, and master life's challenges - feelings of inferiority push us to better ourselves -- inferiority complex
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Inferiority Complex
when feelings of inferiority are extreme
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Adler's Individual Perspective: Compensation
efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing your abilities - **overcompensation** to hide inferiority complex
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Adler's Individual Perspective: Birth Order and Personality?
- home environment for first-born children very different from later-born children - different enviro and treatment could affect personality
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Horney's Interpersonal Perspective: Social security
a sense of feeling safe and loved in our relationships with others - the motivational force underlying expression of personality
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Horney's Interpersonal Perspective: Basic anxiety
feelings of anxiety due to lack of love, power and safely in a relationship
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Horney's Interpersonal Perspective: Basic hostility
feelings of anger and hostility that people experience during insecurity
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Behaviourism
- only overt behaviour is worth studying - focus on external forces, interactions with the external environment
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Skinner and Personality: Operant conditioning
form of learning where likelihood of a behaviour is determined by the consequences of engaging in that behaviour
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Skinner and Personality: What does this theory tell us about personality?
- personality is continuously developing and changing as we gain experience - can be explained externally
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Skinner and Personality: How is this different from other perspectives?
- no focus on internal and unconscious processes - not broken down developmentally
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Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory
- famous for research on modelling and aggression (Bobo the Clown study) - Cognitive behaviourist movement in 1960s -- issue with "pure" behaviourism -- humans are thinking, feeling, conscious -- also largely shaped by learning - originally Social Learning Theory - argues that people are not passive participants in learning -- actively seek out info from enviro -- enviro influences behaviour, but does not determine it (Reciprocal Determinism) - focus on info processing highlights internal, unobservable cognitive events
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Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory: Reciprocal Determinisn
internal mental events, external environments, and overt behaviour all influence each other
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Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory: Observational Learning
when an organism's responding is influenced by observing others - AKA Vicarious conditioning - learn by watching others and the consequences of their actions - Model: organism whose behaviour is observed
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Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory: Self-efficacy
Your beliefs about your ability to perform behaviours that should lead to expected outcomes - high self-efficacy: confident in your ability to execute the responses necessary to get reinforcers - low self-efficacy: concern that necessary responses are beyond your abilities Determinations are subjective and specific
45
The Person-Situation Controversy
Mischel wanted to focus on how much situational factors govern behaviour - People make responses that lead to reinforcement in the situation at hand - **Consistency Paradox**: consistency in behaviour is low (work hard *if* boss comensates your effort) - people don't behave as consistently as predicted - Sparked debate about importance of considering the person versus the situation to understand bahaviour
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Rotter's Locus of Control
How much a person perceives an outcome as being contingent on their own actions rather than on external forces - **internal**: events under personal control (self determined with sense of personal effectiveness; seeking info and becoming involved) - **external**: external forces like luck, chance, powerful others (less resistant to social pressures)
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Evaluating Behavioural Perspectives
- cognition is eventually considered - advance understanding of internal and external factors -- Skinner stressed role of **enviro** --Bandura stressed **learning from others** -- Mischel stressed **situational factors** - puts insights from other perspectives into cognitive-behavioural concepts
48
Part 3...
PSYCH 105
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