Ch. 9 Flashcards

Question

Telegraphic speech

Answer 1

lacking function morphemes; consists mainly of content words

Answer 2

learning of specific verbal responses through conditioning, imitation

Answer 3

- Learning the rules of language - Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

Answer 4

- social interactions and experience on top of innate ability

Answer 5

- View that social experience interacts with innate, biological language abilities (bridges gap btw nativist and enviro approaches) - Parents tailor verbal interactions with their children to simplify language acquisition process (speak slower, clearer, more simply) - no exposure to language = no language

Answer 6

related to aphasia

Answer 7

inability or difficulty in producing or comprehending language - Broca's patient could only say "tan" after head trauma - related to left-lower frontal lobe trauma

Answer 8

- Patient could produce words, but not sentences - left temporal lobe trauma - responsible for speech comp

Answer 9

1. there seemed to be an area of the brain controlling speech production 2. there seemed to be an area of the brain controlling speech comprehension 3. language production appeared to be controlled by the left hemisphere

Answer 10

contributes to language processing and comprehension -with some capacity for processing verbal meaning

Answer 11

- cognitive development slowed in early studies - same language development either way, with different (dis)advantages - learning second language increases ability of left parietal lobe to handle linguistic demands - tends to have later onset of Alzheimer's than monolinguals

Answer 12

- Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (1897-1941) - Language shapes the nature of thought - research leads us to doubt theory (color perception study)

Answer 13

was partially correct - language can partly influence thought (when verbal rules help solve problems)

Answer 14

mental representation that groups or categorizes shared features of related objects, events, or stimuli

Answer 15

something that must be true of the object to belong to the category

Answer 16

something that, if it is true of the object, proves it belongs to the category

Answer 17

new objects classified by comparing them to the "best" or "most typical" member of a category

Answer 18

category judgements are made by comparing a new instance with stored memories for some other category cases

Answer 19

most common, or typical, form a word assumes when we imagine it

Answer 20

a thing that serves as a goo example of a category member

Answer 21

decisions made by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome and them multiplying the two - tricky cuz people can estimate frequency but not probability - performance varies with how the problem is described

Answer 22

people give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is phrased

Answer 23

people choose to take on risks when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gains

Answer 24

short-cut rules that are applied to solve problems - may not lead to accurate solutions but work to provide quick, efficient solutions when they do work

Answer 25

well-defined sequence of procedures or rules that guarantees a solution to a problem

Answer 26

we estimate frequencies of events based on how hard it is to think of them - Items more readily available in memory are judged as having occurred more frequently

Answer 27

problem solver mentally compares something to our stored prototype of an event, object, or person - assume something belongs to a category because it seems like the prototype

Answer 28

think that two events are more likely to occur together than either as an individual event

Answer 29

people make decisions about a current situation based on what they have previously invested in the situation

Answer 30

people only pay attention to evidence that supports their original position - ignore disconfirming evidence

Answer 31

people believe that, compared with other individuals, they are more likely to experience positive events and less likely to experience negative events in the future

Answer 32

judgements about whether to accept conclusions depend more on how believable the conclusions are than on whether the arguments are logically valid

Answer 33

determining whether a conclusion follows from two statements that are assumed to be true (belief-laden and neutral trials)

Answer 34

keep the end goal in mind while reaching for means to reduce the differences between the current situation and the desired goal 1. analyze the goal state 2. analyze the current state 3. list the differences between the states 4. reduce the list of differences by - direct means - generating a subgoal - finding a similar problem having a known solution

Answer 35

find a similar problem with a known solution and applying that solution to the current problem - successful solutions are more likely if participants have faced a similar problem before

Answer 36

expectation of how to solve a problem

Answer 37

mental set influences how we approach a problem based on expectations - can lead to fixations -- narrows our ability to think of novel solutions

Answer 38

tendency to view an object as only having one function, the one that is commonly used for, and neglecting to see other possible uses

Ch. 9 Flashcards

(62 cards)