PSYCH 105 > Ch. 2 > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychological test

A

A standardized measure to obtain a sample of subjects’ behaviour

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2
Q

Psychological/neural recording

A

An instrument monitors and records specific psychological processes in a subject

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3
Q

Examination of archival records

A

Analyze existing institutional records

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4
Q

Direct observation

A

Watch and record behaviour as objectively and precisely as possible

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5
Q

Theory example

A

Categorization and memorization are two common cognitive methods for telling things apart

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6
Q

Research question

A

Ex: do chickadees use categorization Or memorization to tell calls apart?

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7
Q

Research design example

A

Ex: operant go/no-go design

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8
Q

Hypothesis

A

Ex: if chickadees use memorization, they won’t be able to respond correctly to new calls

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9
Q

Data

A

Ex: responses to new calls

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10
Q

Descriptive research

A

How common is X? When does Y occur?

  • based on a single measures variable
  • sometimes grouped with correlational research
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11
Q

Correlational research

A

Are X and Y related? If X changes, how will Y change?

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12
Q

Experimental research

A

Does X cause Y? If we manipulate X, how does any change in response?

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13
Q

Participant observation

A
  • researcher interacts with population of interest
  • allows for research insights from participants’ perspectives
  • may be subject to biases or interpretation
  • observations may not be repeatable
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14
Q

Case study

A
  • a report of a single person, group, or situation
  • collect a lot of detail
  • not an experiment
  • can be difficult to draw causal relationships
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15
Q

Statistics

A

Using mathematics to organize, summarize, and interpret numerical data

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16
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

Organizing and summarizing data in a useful way

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17
Q

Inferential statistics

A

Interpreting data and drawing conclusions

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18
Q

Correlational research

A

Looks at the relationship between two or more measured variables — researchers care about relationships between variables

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19
Q

Correlation coefficient (r):

A

Describes the relationship between two variables

  • ranges from -1.0 to +1.0
  • the absolute value indicates strength
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20
Q

Correlation

A

The direction and strength of a relationship between two variables

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21
Q

Disadvantages of correlational research

A
  • can’t manipulate measured variables
  • can’t assume cause-effect relationship exists (could be an unmeasured variable)
  • shows an association NOT a cause
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22
Q

variable

A

any characteristic that can vary

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23
Q

operational definition

A

defines a variable in terms of specific procedures used to produce or measure it
- a description in concrete, measurable terms

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24
Q

data

A

measurements collected; a set of observations

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25
theory
set of statements that describes general principles about how variables relate to one another
26
hypothesis
(specific) prediction about the outcomes of your research based on theory
27
direct observation
watch and record behaviour as objectively and precisely as possible
28
questionnaire
a series of written questions designed to obtain information about attitudes, opinions, and specific aspects of behaviour
29
interview
face-to-face dialogue - not necessarily in-person - can have problems with free-formed responses and how to interpret them (must quantify)
30
experimental research
involves manipulating one variable under controlled conditions so that resulting changes in another variable can be observed
31
Advantages of Correlational Research
- show the strength of present relationships - can be used to make predictions about variables (past and future extrapolation) - identifies 'real-world' associations (is X related to Y?)
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population
entire set of individuals about whom we wish to draw a conclusion
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sample
a subset of individuals drawn from a population
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representative sample
reflects the important characteristics of the population
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random sampling
method in which every member of the population has an equal probability of being chosen to participate
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simple random sample
everyone has an equal chance
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stratified random sample
divide into subgroups and take representative samples
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non-random sample
due to study constraints, not equal chances - ex: convenience sample (work with what you've got)
39
experimental group
subjects who recieve some special treatment in regard to the independent variable
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control group
similar subjects who do not receive the special treatment - comparison group
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random assignment
each individual has equal chances of being placed in each group - helps avoid all people in one group having one trait - splits up variation that we cannot control so that groups do not vary systematically
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placebo
treatment that has no therapeutic effect but emulates the other aspects of a treatment
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placebo effect
effect of a placebo treatment that arises from a patient's expectations but no the independent variable itself
44
variations in experimental design
- use more than one dependent variable - expose a single group to two different conditions - manipulate more than one independent variable
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experimental design between groups
each group in the experiment is composed of a different set of participants
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experimental design repeated measures
each participant is exposed to all the conditions of an independent variable
47
statistics
using math to organize, summarize, and interpret numerical data
48
descriptive stats
organizing and summarazing data in a useful way
49
inferential stats
interpreting data and drawing conclusions
50
hypothesis testing
1. null hypothesis: no relationship btw the variables on interest in the pop 2. alternative hypothesis: there is a relationship btw the variables of interest in the pop
51
"rare" event
if it happens less than 5% of the time
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statistical significance
exists when the probability of obtaining the result we got is very low if the assumptions of our null hypothesis are true - reject null hypothesis if there's confidence of a relationship btw our variables
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Type I error
a false positive - conclude that there is a causal relationship btw two variables when there is not
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Type II error
a miss - conclude that there is not a causal relationship btw two variables when there is
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power
how certain are we that we could find a relationship if it actually exists in the pop?
56
reliability
how consistent is our measure or manipulation?
57
internal validity
degree to which results can be attributed to the independent variable and not other explainations
58
external validity
the degree to which results can be generalized to other people, across settings, and across time
59
Ethics
set of general principles of how people should be educated, treated, and respected when participating in any study
60
the Belmont Report
- commission of physicians, ethicists, philosophers, scientists, and citizens in 1976 - critical evaluation of ethical principles researchers should follow when working with human participants - prompted by the unethical research practices of previous years
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core ethical principles
1. respect for persons 2. beneficence 3. justice
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principle of respect
- individuals should be treated as autonomous agents, free to make their own decisions - providing informed consent - certain groups have less autonomy and need special protections
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informed consent
provide info about the research and potential risks and benefits
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principle of beneficence
- researchers must take precautions to protect participants from harm and ensure well-being - consider potential risks - anonymous; confidential - consider potential benefits - for participants and/or community
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principle of justice
- must be fair balance btw those who participate in the research and those who benefit from it - researchers need to ensure that participants are representative of the group that will benefit
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Ethical standard 8: specific to research
- institutional review boards - informed consent - deception - debriefing - research misconduct - animal research
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Animal research
- legal protection for laboratory animals - animal care guidelines and the three R's: replacement, refinement, reduction - ethically balancing animal welfare, animal rights, and animal research
68
ethical decision making
- requires a balance of priorities - need to weigh potential harm to human or animal participants against what the knowledge gained from the research will contribute to society
69
Empirical journal articles
studies reported for the first time
70
review journal articles
summary of already published studies
71
meta-analysis journal articles
- re-analysis of multiple published studies combined - stats conducted on new, larger data pool
PSYCH 105
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