ch 12

Question 1

1. an alcohol contains a …………..
2. a phenol contain a ………….
3. a thiol contains an ………..
4. an ether contains a …………

Answer 1

1. hydroxyl group (—OH)
2. hydroxyl group
   (—OH) bonded to a benzene ring
3. —SH group
4. C—O—C group

Question 2

1. how do we name alcohols as far as the name’s ending, and how we number the chain ect?

Answer 2

1. by replacing the ending of the chain name with an “ol”. Number the chain starting at the end nearer to the —OH group. We also must indicate which carbon the -OH is positioned at in chains of 3 or more carbons.

Question 3

1. Thiols contain what?
2. How do we indicate a thiol?
3. How do thiols smell?
4. Name a use for thiols.
5. How do we name and number thiols?

Answer 3

1. contain sulfur
2. contain a thiol (—SH) group
3. often have strong odors
   are found in cheese, onions, garlic, and oysters
4. are used to detect gas leaks
5. number so that -SH is located at lowest possible carbon. Named by adding thiol to the alkane name of the longest carbon chain ex: butanethiol

Question 4

1. How do we indicate an ether?

2. How do we name an ether?

Answer 4

1. with an —O— between two carbon groups that are either alkyls or aromatic rings.
2. by putting the word ether after the alkyl groups ex: dimethyl ether. Remember to list alkyl groups in alphabetical order ex methyl propyl ether

Question 5

1. What classifies an alcohol by primary, secondary, or tertiary?
2. Are alcohols soluble in water?
3. Are phenols soluble in water?

Answer 5

1. by the number of alkyl groups attached to the carbon bonded to the hydroxyl
   Ex: CH3-C-OH would be primary. Remeber, it’s the number of groups attached to the C attached to the OH, not the OH itself
2. alcohols that have one to three carbons are soluble in water; the solubility of alcohols in water decreases with increasing number of carbons
   1-3 soluble, 4 slightly soluble, 5 insoluble
3. phenols (-OH attached to benzene ring) are slightly soluble. Can react with water to produce phenoxide ions

Question 6

1. Both Aldehydes and Ketones contain a ………… group.
2. What is a carbonyl group?
3. Are carbonyl groups polar?
4. an ……….. is attached to a carbon atom and at least one H atom, thus the carbonyl (CHO group) is at the end of the molecule.
5. a …….. is attached to two alkyl groups. The the carbonyl (CHO) is in the middle of the molecule.

Answer 6

1. Carbonyl
2. consists of a carbon–oxygen polar double bond with two groups of atoms attached to the carbon
3. yes, has a strong dipole with a partial positive charge on C and a partial negative charge on O
4. aldehyde
5. ketone

Question 7

1. How do we name aldehydes?
2. Give the common names for the first four aldehydes:
3. How do we name ketones?
4. Do we need to indicate which carbon number an aldehyde is located?
5. Do we need to indicate which carbon number a ketone is located?
6. Are aldehydes and ketones soluble in water?

Answer 7

1. the e in the alkane name is changed to al
2. one carbon: formaldehyde
   two carbons: acetaldehyde
   three carbons: propionaldehyde
   four carbons: butyraldehyde
3. the e in the alkane name is replaced with “one” ex: propanone.
4. no because we know it is on the end of the molecule.
5. yes in chains of 5 or more carbons. Always give priority to the ketone group by giving lowest possible number.
6. yes when they have a 4 or fewer carbon tail. 5 carbons slightly soluble, >5 not soluble.

Question 8

1. When alcohols undergo dehydration (using heat and an acid catalyst), what is the result?
2. Ethanol is metabolized by a social drinker at a rate of ……………….., and is metabolized by an alcoholic at a rate of ………………… .
3. In 1 h, state the number of 12oz beers or 5 oz wines for various blood alcohol levels.

Answer 8

1. it goes back to being an alkene and water. The H+ bonds with the -OH, making H2O, and the two adjacent hydrocarbons create a double bond between themselves.
2. 12–15 mg/dL per hour, 30 mg/dL per hour

3. 1 drink = .025
    2 drinks = .050
    4 drinks =  .10 
    (legal intoxication)
    16-20 drinks .4-.5 coma/death