1
Q
1.- 3. What is a solution (3 things)?
A
- homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances.
- forms when there is sufficients attraction between molecules of the solute and solvent.
- Have 2 components: Solvent (larger amount), and the solute (smaller amount).
2
Q
1.-5. What are 5 facts about Solutes?
A
- may be liquid, gas, or solid.
- spread evenly through solution.
- mix w/ solvent so both solute and solvent have same state
- can’t be separated by filtration. Only evaporation
- not visible, but can give color to solution.
3
Q
- T or F, water is a polar solvent? Why?
- How do solutions form?
- Explain “like dissolves like”, and how it pertains to solutions.
A
- T. Because of O-H bonds
- form when the solute–solvent interactions are large enough to overcome the solute–solute interactions and the solvent–solvent interactions.
- solutions will form when both solute and solvent have similar polarities. Ie: if both solute and solvent are polar, solutions will form. If solute and solvent are polar and non-polar, they won’t go into solutio (think oil and water).
4
Q
- What is hydration?
- What is an electrolyte?
- What is a non-electrolyte?
- What is a strong electrolyte?
- What is a weak electrolyte?
A
- this is what happens when water molecules surround each ion and pull it into solution
- ions dissolved in water that can conduct electricity.
- a covalent substance that doesn’t separate into ions when dissolved. Rather dissolves as whole molecule. They don’t conduct electricity. Carbon compounds are an example.
- There is a 100% dissociation into ions NaCl is example. These are always ionic compounds. Strong electrical conduction. Represented by an arrow going one way.
- a compound that only partially dissolves into ions, and will go back and forth between dissociation and recombination. They are still ionic. Represented by two arrows
5
Q
- What is solubility?
- Does temp affect the solubility of a solute? How?
- How do we express solubility mathematically?
- What is an unsaturated solution?
- What is a saturated solution
- What is a super-saturated solution?
A
- the maximum amount of solute that dissolves in a specific amount of solvent
- yes. Warmer temps increase solubility except with gasses in H2O. The it is the opposite case.
- grams of solute per 100 grams of H20 : g of solute/100g H20
- Contains less than the max amount of solute, and could dissolve more solute.
- contain max amount of solute. Any excess solvent will deposit on bottom
- A solution which is saturated at a high temp, and then cools
6
Q
- What is Henry’s law?
- What is a soluble vs insoluble salt?
- What types of ions are soluble?
A
- Solubility of gas in a liquid is directly related to the pressure of that gas above the liquid. The more pressure, the more gas molecules dissolve in the liquid.
- Both are ionic compounds, yet soluble salts dissolve in water. Insoluble salts have ionic bonds too strong for H20 to dissolve.
- Li, Na, K, NH4, NO3, C2H3O2 (acetate).
7
Q
- What is the concentration of a solution? How do we express this ration?
- -5. What are the 4 ways we can express concentration mathematically?
- What must you be very careful of when calculating solution?
A
- The amount of solute dissolved in a certain amunt of solution. concentration of solution = amount of solute/amount of solution
- m/m mass to mass percent: mass of solute/mass of solution x 100%
- v/v volume to volume percent: v of solute/v of solution x 100%
- m/v percent: mass of solute/ mL of solution x 100%
- molarity concentration (M): M= moles of solute/Liters of solution
- Solution is a combined value of the solute and solvent. Sometimes you will receive this info separate, and must think to add it together for the total solution.
8
Q
- What is dilution?
2. the concentrations and volumes of initial and diluted solutions are related by which equations (there are two):
A
- a solvent, usually water, is added to a solution, which increases its volume and decreases the concentration of the solution. Mass and moles of solvent stays the same.
- for % of concentration:
C1V1=C2V2
for molarity: M1V1=M2V2
9
Q
- Describe the properties of a solution (as opposed to colloids ect).
- Describe colloids:
- Describe suspensions:
A
- Transparent, don’t separate, have small particles (like ions or molecules) that can’t be filtered and pass thru semipermeable membranes.
- have medium-sized particles, can’t be filtered, but can be separated by a semipermeable membrane. Ie: dust, smoke, marshmallow, blood plasma
- Heterogeneous mixtures. Large particles that settle. Can be filtered and must be stirred for suspension. Ie: oj, blood platelets
10
Q
1-3 What are the 3 main points in osmosis?
- osmotic pressure is…….
A
- water flows from areas of lower to higher solute concentration.
- the level of the solution with the higher solute concentration rises
- the concentrations of the two solutions equalize with time
- equal to the pressure that would prevent the flow of additional water into the more concentrated solution and
greater as the number of dissolved particles in the solution increases
11
Q
- What happens in reverse osmosis?
A
- a pressure greater than the osmotic pressure is applied to a solution forcing it through a purification membrane.
The flow of water is reversed leaving behind the molecules and ions in solution.
12
Q
- What is an isotonic solution?
2. What are is considered an isotonic solution of glucose and NaCl?
A
- exerts the same osmotic pressure as body fluids such as red blood cells (RBCs)
- of 5.0% (m/v) glucose or 0.90% (m/v) NaCl is a typical isotonic solution
13
Q
- What is a hypotonic solution?
2. What happens to cells in a hypotonic solution?
A
- has a lower solute concentration than RBCs.
Means water flows into cells by osmosis. - they will swell and possible burst hemolysis.
14
Q
- What is a hypertonic solution?
2. What happens to cells in a hypertonic solution?
A
- has a higher solute concentration than RBCs. Means water flows out of cells.
- causes crenation: RBCs shrink in size
15
Q
- What 3 things happen in dialysis?
A
- Solvent and small solute particles pass through an artificial membrane.
- Large particles are retained inside.
- Waste particles such as urea from blood are removed
