ch. 32 Flashcards by Kaylyn Rhoads

Q

characteristics of animal kingdom

A

Martha has cold numb smiles surviving every joke
1. multicellular
2. heterotroph
3. cells lack cell walls
4. have nerves, muscles, capacity to move at some point during life cycle
5. ability to reproduce sexually
6. specialized sensory structures/nervous system
7. cells exist in extensive extracellular matrix
8. unique cell junctions

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Q

main morphological/developmental features for classification

A

presence or absence of different tissue types
type of body symmetry
number of germ layers
presence or absence of true boy cavity
patterns of embryonic development

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Q

para

A

along side

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Q

zoa

A

animals

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Q

what 2 subkingdoms are kingdom Animalia split in to?

A

subkingdom parazoa
subkingdom eumetazoa

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Q

metazoa

A

tissue of all animals

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Q

what is metazoa divided into

A

parazoa
eumetazoa

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Q

parazoa

A

no specialized tissues or organs
- porifera - sponges, bearing pores

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Q

eumetazoa

A

more than one type of tissue and organs

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Q

meta

A

after or along with, change

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Q

eu

A

true

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Q

what is subkingdom eumetazoa divided into

A

diploblastic
triploblastic

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Q

symmetry of eumetazoa

A

radially symmetrical (Radiata)
bilaterally symmetrical (Bilateria)

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Q

what do bilateral animals have

A

cephalization
dorsal and ventral ends

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Q

cephalization

A

concentration of sensory and feeding organs around brain/head

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Q

3 germ layers of bilateral animals

A

eco-, meso- endoderm

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Q

what do radial animals have

A

oral and aboral sides

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Q

2 germ layers of radial animals

A

ecto-, endoderm

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Q

lateral

A

side to side

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Q

cephal

A

head

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Q

ab

A

away

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Q

germ

A

give rise

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Q

different axes of body (think fish)

A

anteroposterior axis
dorsoventral axis
left-right axis
proximodistal axis

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Q

are bilateria triploblastic or diploblastic

A

triploblastic - 3 germ layers

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are radiata triploblastic or diploblastic

diploblastic - 2 germ layers

when do cell layers develop?

during gastrulation

inner layer

endoderm

outer layer

ectoderm

3rd layer in bilateral animals

mesoderm - forms muscles and most other organs

blast

to lay down

derm

skin

meso

middle

gastro

stomach

process from zygote to gastrula

- zygotę - cleavage - 8-cell stage Morula - cleavage - Blastula (hollow ball) - gastrulation - gastrula (with endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm, blastopore, archenteron)

arche

old, primitive

entero

intestine

true coelom

body cavity completely lined with mesoderm (coelomates)

pseudocoelom

coelom not completely lined by tissue derived from mesoderm (pseudocoelomates)

acoelomates

lack body cavity entirely

what can a fluid-filled body cavity do

protect internal organs or be used as hydrostatic skeleton

mesenchyme

connective tissue

chymus

bodily fluid (Latin)

2 types of cleavage

1. spiral 2. radial

2 fates of embryonic cells

1. determinate cleavage - development arrested 2. indeterminate cleavage - normal embryo

2 fates of blastopore

1. blastopore becomes mouth 2. blastopore because anus

protostome embryonic development

spiral cleavage, determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth

deuterostome embryonic development

radial cleavage, indeterminate cleavage (pluripotent stem cells), blastopore becomes anus

stome

mouth

deutero

second

how many larval stages do most animals have

at least 1

larva

sexually immature and morphologically distinct from the adult - undergoes metamorphosis to become a juvenile

juvenile

resembles adult, not yet sexually mature

morph

shape

all animals have developmental genes that what?

regulate expression of other genes

Hox genes

unique family of developmental genes that most animals share

what do Hox genes regulate

development of body form

evolutionists and Hox genes

although Hox family of genes has been highly conserved, it can produce a wide diversity of animal morphology

Lophotrochozoa

another clade of bilateral invertebrates

lophophore

feeding structure of some lophotrochozoans

trochophore larva

distinct developmental stage of some lophotrochozoans