ch. 45 part 2

Question 1

how does one hormone have different effects on target cells

Answer 1

1. different receptors for hormone
2. different signal transduction pathways

Question 2

ex. of one hormone with multiple effects

Answer 2

epinephrine and fight/flight response

Question 3

endocrine glands

Answer 3

endocrine cells grouped in ductless organs

Question 4

ex. of endocrine glands

Answer 4

• thyroid/parathyroid glands
• testes/ovaries
• pituitary
• pineal
• stomach/small intestine
• adipose tissue
• pancreas
• adrenal glands

Question 5

simple endocrine pathway of hormones

Answer 5

• released from endocrine cells
• travel through bloodstream
• interact with specific receptors
• cause physiological response

Question 6

release of secretin

Answer 6

• release of acidic contents from stomach into duodenum stimulates secretin release
• target cells in pancreas raise pH in duodenum

Question 7

simple neuroendocrine pathway

Answer 7

• stimulus received by sensory neuron
• then stimulates neurosecretory cell
• secretes neurohormone
• enters blood stream and travels to target cells

Question 8

suckling of an infant

Answer 8

• stimulates signals in nervous system that reach hypothalamus
• hypothalamus triggers release of oxytocin from posterior pituitary
• mammary glands secrete milk

Question 9

negative feedback loop

Answer 9

inhibits response by reducing the initial stimulus
- prevents excessive pathway activity

Question 10

positive feedback

Answer 10

reinforces stimulus to produce even greater response

Question 11

ex. of positive feedback

Answer 11

oxytocin in mammals causes release of milk, which causes greater suckling, which stimulates release of more oxytocin

Question 12

endocrine pathway that controls molting of larva in invertebrates

Answer 12

• originates in larval brain, where neurosecretory cells produce PTTH
• in prothoracic gland, PTTH directs release of ecdysteroid
• bursts of ecdysteroid trigger each successive molt and metamorphosis
• metamorphosis not triggered until level of JH (juvenile hormone) drops

Question 13

where is prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) stored

Answer 13

corpora cardiaca

Question 14

what does PTTH stimulate the release of in the prothoracic gland

Answer 14

20-hydroxy-ecdysone in pulses
- triggers molting

Question 15

hypothalamus function

Answer 15

coordinates endocrine signaling

Question 16

where does the hypothalamus receive information from

Answer 16

the nerves throughout the body
- initiates appropriate neuroendocrine signals

Question 17

what is at the base of the hypothalamus

Answer 17

pituitary gland

Question 18

2 lobes of the pituitary

Answer 18

anterior and posterior

Question 19

posterior pituitary

Answer 19

stores and secretes hormones made in the hypothalamus

Question 20

anterior pituitary

Answer 20

makes and releases hormones under regulation of the hypothalamus

Question 21

what synthesize the 2 posterior pituitary hormones

Answer 21

neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus

Question 22

2 hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary

Answer 22

1. antidiuretic hormone
2. oxytocin

Question 23

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer 23

regulates water loss

Question 24

oxytocin

Answer 24

regulates milk secretion by the mammary glands

Question 25

target of ADH

Answer 25

kidney tubules

Question 26

target of oxytocin

Answer 26

mammary glands, uterine muscles

Question 27

anterior pituitary hormone overall function

Answer 27

diverse processes such as metabolism, osmoregulation, and reproduction

Question 28

what do hormones secreted by the hypothalamus control

Answer 28

release of all anterior pituitary hormones

Question 29

where is prolactin-releasing hormone secreted from

Answer 29

hypothalamus

Question 30

what does release of prolactin-releasing hormone stimulate

Answer 30

anterior pituitary to secrete prolactin

Question 31

prolactin (PRL)

Answer 31

role in milk production

Question 32

hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary

Answer 32

- FSH/LH - TSH - ACTH - prolactin - MSH - GH

Question 33

targets of FSH and LH

Answer 33

testes or ovaries

Question 34

targets of TSH

Answer 34

thyroid

Question 35

targets of ACTH

Answer 35

adrenal cortex

Question 36

targets of prolactin

Answer 36

mammary glands

Question 37

targets of MSH

Answer 37

melanocytes

Question 38

targets of GH

Answer 38

liver, bones, other tissues

Question 39

tropic effect

Answer 39

stimulates other glands

Question 40

trophic

Answer 40

affects growth

Question 41

what are sets of hormones from the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and a target endocrine gland often organized into

Answer 41

hormone cascade