Biology II > ch. 50 hearing > Flashcards

ch. 50 hearing Flashcards

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1
Q

stimuli =

A

energy

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2
Q

what does a sensory receptor convert stimulus energy into

A

a change in the membrane potential

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3
Q

4 basic functions of sensory pathways

A
  1. sensory reception
  2. transduction
  3. transmission
  4. perception
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4
Q

sensory reception

A

detection of stimuli by sensory receptors

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5
Q

what are sensory receptors

A

sensory cells or organs

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6
Q

neuronal receptors

A

receptor is the afferent neuron

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7
Q

non-neuronal receptors

A

receptor regulates afferent neuron

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8
Q

sensory transduction

A

conversion of stimulus energy into a change in the membrane potential of a sensory receptor

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9
Q

receptor potential

A

change in membrane potential

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10
Q

what are receptor potentials

A

graded potentials - magnitude varies with the strength of the stimulus

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11
Q

transmission

A

sensory information travels through the nervous system as action potentials

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12
Q

2 types of sensory receptors

A
  1. neuronal
  2. non-neuronal
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13
Q

what does the size of a receptor potential increase with

A

intensity of the stimulus

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14
Q

in sensory neurons that spontaneously generate action potentials at a low rate, a stimulus changes…

A

how often an action potential is produced

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15
Q

when can processing of sensory information occur

A

before, during, and after transmission of action potentials to the CNS

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16
Q

when does integration begin

A

as soon as the information is received

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17
Q

what does integration involve

A

processing of sensory information - brain receives sensory input and then forms response

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18
Q

perception

A

brain’s construction of stimuli

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19
Q

how does the brain distinguish stimuli from different receptors?

A

based on the path by which the action potentials arrive

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20
Q

amplification

A

strengthening of a sensory signal during transduction

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21
Q

sensory adaptation

A

decrease in responsiveness to continued stimulation

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22
Q

5 categories of sensory receptors

A
  1. mechanoreceptors
  2. chemoreceptors
  3. electromagnetic receptors
  4. thermoreceptors
  5. pain receptors
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23
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

sense physical deformation caused by forms of mechanical energy

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24
Q

what do mechanoreceptors typically consist of

A

ion channels linked to structures that end outside the cell
- like hair cells

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25
what does the mammalian sense of touch rely on
mechanoreceptors that are dendrites of sensory neurons
26
what do mechanoreceptors open
mechanically gated channels
27
chemoreceptors
transmit information about the total solute concentration of a solution or respond to ind. kinds of molecules
28
what happens when a stimulus molecule binds to a chemoreceptor
chemoreceptor becomes more/less permeable to ions
29
what do the antennae of male silkworm moths have
very sensitive specific chemoreceptors
30
what do chemoreceptors open
chemically gated channels
31
electromagnetic receptors
detect electromagnetic energy (light, electricity, magnetism)
32
what type of receptors does the platypus have on its bill
electromagnetic rectors that detect electric field generated by prey
33
how do animals apparently migrate
using earth's magnetic field to orient themselves
34
what do electromagnetic receptors open
electrically gated channels
35
thermoreceptors
detect heat and cold
36
what do certain snakes rely on thermoreceptors to do
detect infrared radiation emitted by warm prey
37
capsaicin
- in jalapeno and cayenne peppers - receptors that respond to capsaicin respond to high temperatures also by opening a calcium channel
38
what do changes in temperature open
calcium channels
39
pain receptors/nociceptors
detect stimuli that reflect harmful conditions
40
what do pain receptors respond to
excess heat, pressure, or chemicals released from damaged/inflamed tissues
41
what do chemicals produced in an animal's body sometimes enhance
perception of pain
42
how do most invertebrates maintain equilibrium
mechanoreceptors located in organs called statocysts
43
what do statocysts contain
mechanoreceptors that detect the movement of granules called statoliths
44
statoliths
provide information about the body position with respect to gravity
45
how do insects hear/respond to sound
- body hairs that vibrate in response to sound waves - localized organs w/ tympanic membrane stretched over internal air chamber
46
how do crickets hear
- with legs - detect changes in atmospheric pressure - mechanically gated
47
where are sensory organs for hearing/equilibrium located in most terrestrial vertebrates
ear
48
pathway of hearing
1. moving air reaches outer ear and vibrates tympanic membrane 2. 3 bones of middle ear transmit vibrations to oval window 3. pressure waves created in fluid of cochlea 4. waves push down on cochlear duct and basilar membrane 5. basilar membrane/attached hair cells vibrate up/down 6. bending of hair cells depolarizes membranes of mechanoreceptors and sends action potentials to brain via auditory nerve
49
what do vibrating objects create
pressure waves in air
50
what does ear transduce pressure wave stimulus into
nerve impulses
51
what do we rely on to hear sounds
hair cells
52
hair cells
sensory cells with hairlike projections that detect motion
53
how do fluid waves dissipate
- when they strike round window at end of tympanic canal - dampening of sound resets apparatus for next vibrations to arrive
54
what does the ear capture information about
volume and pitch
55
volume
amplitude of the sound wave
56
pitch
the frequency of the sound wave
57
how can the cochlea determine pitch
- basilar membrane not uniform along its length - each region of basilar membrane is tuned to a particular vibration frequency
58
do lower or higher frequencies travel further
lower
59
what do several organs in the inner ear detect
body movement, position, and balance
60
what do the utricle and saccule contain
hair cells projecting into gelatinous material
61
what are embedded in the gel of the inner ear
granules called otoliths
62
otoliths
granules that allow us to perceive position relative to gravity or linear movement
63
semicircular canals
3 canals that contain fluid and can detect angular movement in any direction
64
where do fish have a pair of inner ears
near the brain
65
method of equilibrium maintenance in fish and aquatic amphibians
lateral line system along both sides of their body
66
lateral line system
contains mechanoreceptors with hair cells that detect and respond to water movement
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