Oscar Newman’s concepts of “defensible space” were addressed primarily to:
- architects and policymakers
- police officers
- neighborhood residents
- Jane Jacobs
- landlords
architects and policymakers
“A model that inhibits crime by creating a physical expression of a social fabric which defends itself” defines:
- territoriality
- CPTED
- defensible space
- motivation reinforcement
- none of the above
defensible space
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design, as outlined by Newman, includes all but which of the following elements?
- natural surveillance
- image
- territoriality
- milieu
- all are elements of CPTED
all are elements of CPTED
Enhancing the ability and desire of residents and legitimate users of an area to lay claim to the area is:
- milieu
- OTREP
- activity support
- territoriality
- none of the above
territoriality
_________________ refers to things such as signs, landscaping, or other items that signal a change in ownership or area.
- image
- milieu
- symbolic territoriality
- surveillance
- none of the above
symbolic territoriality
The __________ of the Association of Chief Police Offices emphasizes and promotes the inclusion of safety and security measures in new and existing buildings.
- Crime and Disorder Act
- Secured By Design program
- Alley Gating Act
- National CPTED Guidelines
- none of the above
Secured By Design program
In Newman’s comparison of two housing complexes, he argued that high crime was related to all but which of the following?
- unmonitored entryways
- the sharing of entrances by a lot of close friends
- the inability to monitor outside activity
- unfamiliar users of the area
- all of these are related to high crime
the sharing of entrances by a lot of close friends
Evaluations of street lighting on crime, particularly in the U.K., reveal:
- little or no impact
- a negative impact
- a positive impact
- positive impact for businesses, negative for housing
- none of the above
a positive impact
Assessments of CCTV have generally shown:
- more crime in covered areas
- less crime mainly in public housing areas
- increased fear in covered areas
- many conflicting results
- none of the above
many conflicting results
Which of the following is NOT one of Fisher and Nasar’s elements impacting surveillability?
- prospect
- lighting
- escape
- refuge
- all of the above are elements
lighting
The type of street layout that is associated with the lowest levels of crime is:
- through-traffic streets
- L-type streets
- one-way streets
- dead-end or cul-de-sac
- none of the above
dead-end or cul-de-sac
The evaluation of the North Asylum Hill environmental design project found all but which of the following?
- decline in fear
- increase in the use of the streets and parks by residents
- long-term decrease in crime
- reduced vehicular traffic
- all of the above were found
Long-term decrease in crime
Merry’s participant-observation study of a housing project that appeared to incorporate the basic defensible space features advocated by Newman found:
- no effect of the physical features on crime
- no effect of the physical features on surveillance and a sense of community.
- the physical features were not necessarily good for crime prevention
- all of the above
- none of the above
all of the above
The idea that CPTED needs to explicitly look beyond simple physical design and overtly incorporate social factors and activities in prevention is known as:
- neighborhood crime prevention
- secondary prevention
- second-generation CPTED
- formal surveillance
- none of the above
second-generation CPTED
Third-Generation CPTED focuses on:
- Police-led community interaction
- Green sustainable community design
- Grass-roots intervention
- International victimization
- None of the above
Green sustainable community design
Taylor’s research on disorder and incivility found that:
- only physical incivility makes a difference
- disorder and incivility are important only if residents perceive a problem
- disorder and incivility are the most important predictors of crime
- incivility has an impact only on resident’s fear
- none of the above
disorder and incivility are important only if residents perceive a problem
The use of guards or employees for prevention is referred to as:
- natural surveillance
- informal surveillance
- formal surveillance
- mechanical surveillance
- none of the above
formal surveillance
The ability to regulate who comes and goes from an area or building, with the intent of limiting access to legitimate users, is known as territoriality (TF)
false
Real territoriality is engendered by walls, fences, gates, or other items that place a physical barrier in front of people. (TF)
true
Activity support and motivation reinforcement are roughly the same thing (TF)
true
Territoriality, access control, surveillance and other elements of CPTED are complementary and always serve to enhance one another (TF)
false
A Type 3 effect in Rubenstein et al.’s model considers the impact of the physical design on a variety of intervening factors (TF)
false
Refuge deals with the presence or absence of concealment, in which offenders could hide from potential victims (TF)
true
Analysis of changes in the Union Avenue Corridor found little change in the level of crime or in the fear of crime (TF)
true
