ch 7 memory

Question 1

what is memory

Answer 1

the process by which info is encoded, stored, and retrieved

Question 2

what is memory illusion

Answer 2

a false but subjectively compelling memory

Question 3

what is hyperthmestic syndrome

Answer 3

a condition causing extremely detailed autobiographical memory

Question 4

what is calendar calculator

Answer 4

someone able to instantly determine the day of the week for any date

Question 5

what is span

Answer 5

the number of items a person can hold in short-term memory

Question 6

what is duration

Answer 6

how long info can be retained in memory

Question 7

what is an eidetic memory

Answer 7

the ability to vividly recall visual info like a “photograph”

Question 8

types of memory

Answer 8

sensory, echoic, short-term, and long-term

Question 9

what is sensory memory

Answer 9

brief storage of sensory info

Question 10

what is iconic memory

Answer 10

visual sensory memory lasting a few seconds

Question 11

what is echoic memory

Answer 11

auditory sensory memory lasting a few seconds

Question 12

short-term (working) memory

Answer 12

active processing of info for a short time

Question 13

long-term memory

Answer 13

storage of info over extended periods

Question 14

what is decay

Answer 14

fading of memory over time

Question 15

what is interference

Answer 15

when other info blocks memory recall

Question 16

what is proactive

Answer 16

when old memories interfere with new learning

Question 17

what is retroactive

Answer 17

when new memories interfere with recalling old info

Question 18

what is miller’s magic number

Answer 18

short-term memory can hold about 5-9 items

Question 19

what is chunking

Answer 19

grouping items together to improve memory

Question 20

what is rehearsal

Answer 20

repeating info to keep it in memory

Question 21

what is maintenance rehearsal

Answer 21

simple repetition to retain info

Question 22

what is elaborative rehearsal

Answer 22

linking new info to existing knowledge

Question 23

what is paired-associative task

Answer 23

learning by associating a pair of items

Question 24

what are levels of processing

Answer 24

depth of processing affects memory retention

Question 25

whats visual encoding

Answer 25

encoding based on appearance

Question 26

what is phonological encoding

Answer 26

encoding based on sound

Question 27

what is semantic encoding

Answer 27

encoding based on meaning

Question 28

what is permastore

Answer 28

long-term memory that is highly stable

Question 29

what is explicit (declarative) memory

Answer 29

memories we can consciously recall

Question 30

what is implicit memory

Answer 30

unconscious memory that affects behavior

Question 31

what is semantic memory

Answer 31

memory of facts and knowledge

Question 32

what is episodic memory

Answer 32

memory of personal experiences

Question 33

what is procedural memory

Answer 33

memory for skills and actions

Question 34

what is priming

Answer 34

exposure to a stimulus influences response to a later one

Question 35

what is conditioning

Answer 35

learning through association

Question 36

what is habituation

Answer 36

decreased response to repeated stimuli

Question 37

what is primacy effect

Answer 37

Better memory for items at the beginning of a list.

Question 38

what is recency effect

Answer 38

Better memory for items at the end of a list.

Question 39

what is serial position curve

Answer 39

Graph showing recall varies by position in a list

Question 40

what is encoding

Answer 40

Converting information into memory

Question 41

what is the next-in-line effect

Answer 41

having poor memory for info presented just before you speak.

Question 42

what is the pegword method?

Answer 42

linking items to a pre-memorized list of "pegs" (rhyme with numbers)

Question 43

what is method of loci

Answer 43

associating items with locations in a mental space

Question 44

what is the keyword method

Answer 44

linking new words to familiar sounds or images

Question 45

Music as a mnemonic

Answer 45

Using songs to remember information.

Question 46

what is Encoding specificity

Answer 46

Memory is improved when context at recall matches encoding

Question 47

what is Context-dependent learning

Answer 47

Environment at recall matches learning

Question 48

what is state-dependent learning

Answer 48

phenomenon where info learned in a particular physical/mental state is better recalled when in that same state

Question 49

what is mood-dependent learning?

Answer 49

memory is better when mood matches learning

Question 50

what is retrospective BIAS

Answer 50

Distorting past memories based on present knowledge.

Question 51

what is storage

Answer 51

Maintaining information in memory

Question 52

what is the schema

Answer 52

mental framework for organizing info (script)

Question 53

what is the script

Answer 53

knowledge of expected events in a situation

Question 54

what is a retrieval cue

Answer 54

a prompt that helps trigger memory

Question 55

what is recall

Answer 55

Retrieving information without cues

Question 56

what is recognition

Answer 56

identifying previously learned information

Question 57

what is relearning

Answer 57

Learning something faster the second time.

Question 58

what is distributed practice/rehearsal

Answer 58

Spacing learning over time improves memory.

Question 59

what is massed practice

Answer 59

cramming info in a short period

Question 60

what is TOT (tip of tongue) phenomenon

Answer 60

feeling that a memory is available but can't recall it

Question 61

who was clive wearing?

Answer 61

Musician with severe amnesia

Question 62

who was HM (henry molaison)

Answer 62

Patient who lost ability to form new long-term memories

Question 63

whats an engram

Answer 63

Physical trace of memory in the brain.

Question 64

what are assemblies

Answer 64

Groups of neurons forming memory circuits.

Question 65

what is long-term potentiation

Answer 65

Strengthening of neural connections with repeated activity

Question 66

what is glutamate

Answer 66

Neurotransmitter involved in LTP.

Question 67

what is retrograde amnesia

Answer 67

loss of past memories

Question 68

what is anterograde amnesia

Answer 68

inability to form new memories

Question 69

what is the amygdala

Answer 69

brain region involved in emotional memory

Question 70

what is propanol

Answer 70

Drug that can reduce emotional memory intensity

Question 71

what is dementia

Answer 71

Decline in cognitive function affecting memory.

Question 72

what is alzheimers disease

Answer 72

Progressive brain disorder causing memory loss.

Question 73

what is metamemory

Answer 73

Awareness, knowledge, & control of one’s own memory.

Question 74

what is infantile amnesia

Answer 74

Inability to recall early childhood memories

Question 75

what is guided imagery

Answer 75

Using mental images to improve memory or relaxation.

Question 76

what is hypnotic age regression

Answer 76

Using hypnosis to recall past events.

Question 77

whatis a flashbulb memory

Answer 77

Vivid memory of a surprising event.

Question 78

what is phantom flashbulb memory

Answer 78

false vivid memory of an event.

Question 79

what is source monitoring confusion

Answer 79

misattributing the origin of a memory

Question 80

what is imagination inflation

Answer 80

imagining events increases the belief that they occurred

Question 81

what is cryptomnesia

Answer 81

thinking a memory is new but it's from past experiences (can lead to unintentional plagiarism)

Question 82

what is misinformation effect

Answer 82

memory is altered by incorrect info

Question 83

what is an implanted memory

Answer 83

memory of an event that never happened

Question 84

what is weapon focus effect

Answer 84

attention on a weapon reduces memory for other details