what sputum characteristics can help identify bacterial infection
-amount,quality, color of sputum
-gram stain- classify gram (+) or (-)
-acid fast smear- presence of acid fast bacili (myobacterium tuberculosis)
-cytology- presence of abnormal cells
what does thick,yellow green sputum usually indicate
bacterial infection
how does sputum color help guide diagnosis in respiratory conditions
suggest the underlying cause
and tailor treatment plans effectively for pts
what is the difference between flexible bronchoscope and rigid bronchoscope
-flexible bronchoscope- diagnostic
used for: biopsy abnormal x ray, persistent atelectasis, hemoptysis
-rigid bronchoscope- therapeutic
used for: suction secretions, remove foreign bodies, selective lavage
what is a bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and why is it performed
-injecting small amount of sterile saline through the bronchoscope into the lungs and withdrawing for examination of cells
which type of bronchoscope is typically used for removing foreign bodies
rigid bronchoscope
what is electromagnetic navigational bronchoscopy (ENB) and what advantage does it provide over standard bronchoscopes
-obtaining biopsy samples from peripheral pulmonary nodules
- combines electromagnetic nav and real time virtual 3d CT imaging
-allows reach of distal tumors
what is the purpose of endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)
-guidance for transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA)
-detect presence of tumors or enlarged lymph nodes
-diagnose tumor with in lung
-diagnose lymph nodded in the mediastinum or hilum abnormalities
-diagnose tumors in the mediastinum
list two clinical indications for performing a bronchoscopy
-persistant atelectasis
-hemoptisis
-abnormal chest x rY
-unexplained lung lesion
which procedure would be most helpful for evaluating enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes
Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)
what is thoracentesis and what does it involve
-procedure where excess fluid accumulation ( pleural effusion) bw/ chest cavity and lungs(pleural space) is aspirated through a needle.
what is the difference between diagnostic thoracentesis and therapeutic thoracentesis
-diagnostic:
*performed to identify the cause of pleural effusion
-therapeutic:
* performed to relieve shortness of breath or pain due to large pleural effusion
*remove air trapped bw the lung and chest wall
*admin med directly to lung cavity
*S/P monitor for pt for pneumothorax
what condition must patients be monitored for after thoracentesis
pneumothorax
how does therapeutic thoracentesis provide relief from patients with large pleural effusion
removes access fluid reducing pressure on lungs
-relieves shortness of breath or pain
what lab findings in pleural fluid would suggest an infection
Increase WBC
increase RBC
what is the purpose of complete blood count (CBC)
provides information about diagnosis, prognosis, response to treatment and recovery
what does the red blood cell (RBC) count tell us about a patients condition
pt overal oxygen carrying capacity
what are the major functions of white blood cells (leukocytes)
-fight against infection
-defend the body by phagocytosis against foreign organism
-produce antibodies in the immune response
what is the normal range for platelet counts
150,000-350,000
why is it dangerous to perform invasive procedures on pt with very low platelet counts
increase risk of uncontrolled bleeding *spontaneous bleeding
- need to be atleast 50,000 for invasive procedures
a patient presents with fatigue, dizzness, and low hemoglobin levels. what condition does this suggest
anemia
a pt has a platelet count of 45000 what risk does this present during invasive procedures
uncontrolled bleeding
what lab results would you expect to see in a pt with severe anemia
decrease RBC
decrease Hb
decrease hematocrit
CBC normal values
-RBC-4-6 million
WBC- 5000-10000
*increase-bacterial
*decrease-viral infection
-Hb- 12-16g/100mL
-Hct-hematocrit- 40-50%
-platelets- 150,000-350,000
