Chap 12

Question 1

Themes

Answer 1

1)Vijayanagar

Themes

-Facts about establishment of dynasties
ex:Saluva Narsimha put an end to
the old dynasty

• special architectural feature of particular dynasty
  ex: kalyana mandapas is feature of
• particular ruler & taxation system
  ex: krishna deva ->tax rate on land was fixed depending on the quality of the land.
• famous temples : location
  ex: virupaksh
  ex: Vijaya Vittala temple
• first ruler of particular empire
  ex: 1st rules of vijayanagar empire
• who succeded whom?
  ex: only imp kingdoms i.e.who was before & after krishnadeva raya

2) Bahamani
- Themes

• Important approach of kings related to religion?
  ex: king called “jagadguru” for secularism
• reason for end of dynasty
  ex: dynasty of ahmednagar
• important song compilation ; discovering new style
  ex: compilation with hindu & muslim deities,saints
  ex: discovering qawalli

Question 2

kingdoms & their capitals in south india at the beginning of 14th century

Answer 2

-Yadavas of Devagiri (Western Deccan or present
Maharashtra),

-the Hoysalas of Dvarasamudra (Karnataka),

-the Kakatiyas of Warangal (eastern
part of present Telengana)

-Pandyas of Madurai (southern Tamil Nadu).

Question 3

map locations of above

Answer 3

• https://www.mapsofindia.com/india/maps/warangal-location-map.jpg
• https://hi-static.z-dn.net/files/d68/2176ae0f29c8381ffc70871624ae0d99.jpg
• https://www.mapsofindia.com/india/maps/madurai-location-map.jpg

Question 4

how was bahamani dynasty established?

Answer 4

-Zafar khan (incharge of devgiri ) -> declared independence from delhi -> shifted capital to gulbarga -> took title bahman shah -> established bahamani kingdom.

Question 5

why bahamani kingdom & vijaynagar kingdom fought?

Answer 5

-to control the rich Raichur doab, and also the sea ports of Goa,Honavar, etc. on the west coast, which were the
supply points of the horses

-raichur doab is area lying between the Krishna River and its tributary, the Tungabhadra River -> states telangana & karnataka

Question 6

which work gives interesting details about the Nayankara system? under which king?

Answer 6

• Telugu work Rayavachakamu

- Krishnadevaraya

Question 7

kings of which dynasty issued a large number of gold coins? what were these coins called?important symbols on them were?

Answer 7

• vijayanagara kings
• were called Varaha,pon,honnu
• had the bull, the elephant and the fabulous gandaberunda (a double eagle), also kings name sometimes

Question 8

meaning of tarafs? which king introduced?

Answer 8

-bahman shah divided the kingdom into four territorial divisions called tarafs,-> for smooth administration

Question 9

title assumed by bahman shah on coins

Answer 9

Second Alexander

Question 10

what is Turquoise?

Answer 10

a semi-precious stone sky blue in colour.

Question 11

which was the good system of government that was followed by all the successor of bahamani sultanates as well as by the Marathas later?by whom?

Answer 11

• appointment of council of eight ministers of state i.e ashtapradhan mandal
• by Mohammed I the succesor of bahman shah

Question 12

who built two mosques at Gulbarga

Answer 12

mohammed 1

Question 13

Mohammed Gawan was prime minister under rule of which king

Answer 13

mohammad 3 of bahamani kingdom

Question 14

where is mohammad gawan madarasa? what it tells of him

Answer 14

in Bidar, with a large library, containing 3000 manuscripts, is illustrative of his scholarship.

• writer,poet,mathematician etc
• persian by birth
• learnt use of gunpowder

Question 15

governance stratergies used by mohammad gawan?

Answer 15

• Gawan divided the existing four provinces into eight
• put some districts of every province under direct central administration
• governors allowed to occupy only 1 fort in territory- > remaining centrally administered
• The royal officers made accountable to the Sultan for their income and expenditure

Question 16

what led to weakening of bahamani kingdom?

Answer 16

-mohammad gawan reforms -> reduced power of provincial chiefs -> chiefs mostly deccany muslims -> already existing rivalary b/w deccani & pardesi muslim broke out -> sultan was also unhappy with mohammad gawan’s dominance -> got him executed -> foreign nobles were some of the strongest pillars of sultanate -> they started leaving sultanate after this incident.

Question 17

who built goloconda fort? why was it famous? where is it located ? name of it’s entry gate?

Answer 17

• The Raja Krishna Dev of the Kakatiya dynasty with Warangal as capital constructed the Golkonda Fort -> gave as jagir to Kali Kutub Khan
• 17th century, Golkonda was famous as a diamond market. It gave the world some of the best-known diamonds, including the ‘Kohinoor’.
• located 11 km from hyderabad
• The Fateh Darwaza or the Victory Gate

Question 18

best specimens of bahamani architecture? what was the style of architecture developed by sultans?

Answer 18

The Jami Masjid at Gulbarga,
the Golconda fort at Hyderabad,
Golgumbaz at Bijapur and the
Chand Minar at Bidar

style : indo-Saracenic

Question 19

where were 4 independent kingdoms after collapse of bahamani? from where did Bahmani Sultan ruled as a puppet? which independent kingdom later annexed others?

Answer 19

• Bijapur, Ahmadnagar, Berar and Golkonda.
• Bidar
• Bijapur annexed Bidar & berar

Question 20

for which purpose did bijapur,ahmadnagar & golokonda kingdom came together?

Answer 20

-To fight vijayanagar empire -> bahamani kingdoms won fight at Talikota or Rakshashi-Tangadi in
1565

Question 21

who established of vijayanagara empire?when? what was contemporary reason?their royal insignia?

Answer 21

• the two brothers Harihara and Bukka, the eldest sons of one Sangama-> sangama became name of their dynasty
• around 1336
• they used to serve hoyasala king ->death of the Hoysala king Ballala III at the hands of the Madurai Sultan -> became reason
• the boar, or varahaas-> earlier used by chalukyas

Question 22

what was the initial capital ? where was it moved?

Answer 22

Initially-> near about Anegondi on the north bank of the Tungabhadra river(tributary of krishna) -> shifted to Hoysala town Hosapattana (near Hampi) on the south bank. The capital was expanded and renamed Vijayanagara.

Question 23

what is doubtful narrative about Vidyaranya (also called Madhava), a renowned Saiva saint in relation to harihar & bukka?

Answer 23

he have persuaded the brothers to abandon their

service to the Tughluqs and also to renounce Islam

Question 24

dynasties that ruled vijayanagar empire?

Answer 24

the Sangama dynasty (1336–1485),
the Saluva dynasty (1485–1505),
the Tuluva dynasty (1505–1570)
Aravidu dynasty (1570–1650)

Question 25

which contemporary situation led to rise of vijayanagar empire?

Answer 25

big south indian states of 13th cen -> pandyas, hoyasalas , kakatiyas almost destroyed by delhi sultanate (1300-1330) -> political vaccume

Question 26

who was the greatest ruler of the Sangama dynasty?which foreign traveller mentions about him? from which country he used to receive tribute?

Answer 26

- Devaraya II - Abdur Razaak, the Persian ambassador says he controlled vast area - srilanka

Question 27

which sangama king defeated the Gajapati kingdom of Orissa army in some battles?

Answer 27

Devaraya II

Question 28

how was saluva dynasty established?

Answer 28

-trusted commander of sangama dynasty Saluva Narasimha -> protected areas from gajpatis -> then usurped the throne

Question 29

how was tuluva dynasty established?

Answer 29

saluva narsimha died with young children ->He was assisted by his general and great warrior Narasa Nayak -> narasa protected the children till death -> elder son of narasa Viranarasimha established tuluva dynasty -> younger son of narasa krishnadevaraya

Question 30

where is the pillar of victory at by krishnadevaraya?

Answer 30

Simhachalam.

Question 31

which european people helped krsihnadevaraya with military aid? what did they receieved in return?

Answer 31

portugese | got permission to build a fort at Bhatkal

Question 32

big donations by krishnadevaraya to which temples?

Answer 32

Srisailam, Tirupati, Kalahasti, Kanchipuram, Tiruvannamalai, Chidambaram,

Question 33

who were the some great poets of his(krishnadev) court?

Answer 33

Allasani Peddana, | Nandi Thimmana

Question 34

famous poem written by krishnadeva?

Answer 34

Amuktamalyada (the story of Andal) Usha Parinayam and Jambavati Kalyanam are his famous Sanskrit works

Question 35

succession fued after death of krishnadeva?

Answer 35

-his son was a small child brother Achyutadevaraya became king. - Ramaraya, the son-in-law of Krishnadevaraya wanted to dominate the affairs by crowning the infant as king. ``` -Achyutadevaraya was however supported by Chellappa (also known as Saluva Nayak) -> chellappa became rebel ``` -Achyutdevaraya dies ->nephew Sadasivaraya succeeded him -> But real power lay in the hands of Ramaraya-> the son-in-law

Question 36

what led to The battle of Talikota (1565)?

Answer 36

-due to ramaraya,bahamani kingdoms used to fight with each other -based on scenario he used to fight with or against bijapur -bahamani kingdoms understood this divide & rule stratergy -> came together & fought at Talikota or Rakshasi-Tangadi in January 1565 -> viainagar lost.

Question 37

how was araividu dynsaty established?

Answer 37

Tirumala, brother of Ramaraya, declared himself king in 1570, starting the Aravidu, that is the fourth dynasty

Question 38

what was The chief minister was known | as in sangama dynasty period

Answer 38

the mahapradhani

Question 39

Harihara I and his immediate successors tried to organize the territory by creating administrative divisions,what were these divisions called?

Answer 39

called rajyas or provinces.

Question 40

what is nayaka system of krishnadevaraya times?what are the other areas where it is also found? this revenue assignment is known as?

Answer 40

-nayaka is a military leader or simply soldier - system : assignment of revenue yielding territory in return for military service - similar to iqta system(PYQ) of delhi empire & kakatiya kingdom(13th century) - nayakkattanam in Tamil, Nayaktanam in Kannada, and nayankaramu.

Question 41

what was the title assumed by kaval chief of rameshwaram?

Answer 41

Udaiyan Sethupati (meaning the Chief who was lord of bridge or causeway, as he controlled the passage between Rameswaram and Ceylon).

Question 42

non-agrarian groups of vijayanagar period were generally called?

Answer 42

``` the pattadai (workshop people) or kasaya-vargam -that is- the group that pays taxes in cash ```

Question 43

title of krishnadevaraya?

Answer 43

Andhra bhoja Abhinava Bhoja. reign is regarded as the classical phase of Telugu literature -> hence called telugu pitamaha.

Question 44

who was sayana?

Answer 44

Sanskrit scholar -> wrote commentaries on Vedas

Question 45

who was madhvacharya?

Answer 45

well known sanskrit scholar

Question 46

who was gangadevi?what did she write?

Answer 46

- wife of Kampana, son of Bukka. | - wrote Maduravijayam-> describes -> conquest of Madura by her husband.

Question 47

who was the greatest poet during the era, who composed the Telugu version of Kalidasa’s Shakuntalam?

Answer 47

Pillalamarri Pina Virabhadra Kavi.

Question 48

how many great poets were present in krishnadeva's court?what were they called?

Answer 48

Eight -> known as Ashtadiggajas. | Tenali raman one of them.

Question 49

Vijayanagar rulers produced a new style of architecture called as?

Answer 49

Dravida style.

Question 50

The chief characteristics of the Vijayanagara architecture were?

Answer 50

the construction of tall Raya Gopurams or gateways and the Kalyanamandapam.

Question 51

Fine examples of kalyana mandapa can be seen at?

Answer 51

- Vellore - Varadharajaswami and Ekamparanatha temples at Kanchipuram - Jambukesvara temple at Thiruchirapalli.

Question 52

During the period of the Vijayanagar kings, temples were built in?

Answer 52

Hampi, Shringeri, Tirupati, Kalahasti, Nandi, Kolar, Srishaila.

Question 53

The finest temples of Vijayanagara are in which city?they have been designated as what?

Answer 53

- Hampi | - World Heritage City.

Question 54

The important features of Vijayanagara style | of temple architecture are

Answer 54

- monolithic pillars, - ornate bracelets - decoration on the exterior side of the walls

Question 55

krishnadeva founded which town in memory of his mother, Nagamba?

Answer 55

Nagalapura (near Vijayanagar),

Question 56

most famous among temples by krishnadeva?

Answer 56

Vittalaswamy & Virupaksha

Question 57

what is written about vittalaswamy temple?it's features

Answer 57

-Fergusson “it shows the extreme limit in florid magnificence" -has saptaswara musical pillars(i.e.Sa,re,ga,ma wala) & the Stone Chariot

Question 58

which temple is exclaimed as one of the most perfect | specimens of Hindu temple architecture in existence? by whom?

Answer 58

- famous Hazara temple of krishnadeva's reign | - by Longhurst

Question 59

Features of virupaksha temple?

Answer 59

Dasavathara & Girijakalyanam painting

Question 60

Vijayanagar rulers inscribed the stories from where on the walls of the various temples?

Answer 60

ramayana & mahabharat