themes
- features of reign of particular sultan -> DONE
ex: babar’s reign -> gunpowder? - important battles,significance -> DONE
ex. battle of khanwa
ex. battle of dharmant - important personality,details
ex. rana sanga - sultan & features of it’s military
ex: Akbar’s reign -> each horse fighter to have 2 horses. - major sultan & timelapse of their life -> DONE
ex. Akbar’s territory in which year looks like the one shown in map
ex. akbar marching to afghanistan
-Match the following
year & major event(battle,capturing imp city,accession of king,giving charter to european powers)
- types of troopers & details about them
ex. Ahadis - important monument & their details
ex. Ibadat Khana - important poets -> titles given by,composed what?
ex. Mia tansen - Change in particular art by particular sultan
ex: shifted emphasis from illustrated manuscripts to album and individual portrait - important events & contemporary sultan
ex: sultan @ first factory by EIC
-know the map of kingdom of each sultan in timelapse -> asked thrice
- particular campaign & it’s motives
ex. Shahjahan’s Balkh campaign - important expeditions
ex: Dara shikoh ; shahajahan
features of reign of particular sultan
1.Babar
introduced guns and canons in India.
first to use gunpowder;the effective use of artillery
2.humayun
3.sher shah
-emerged as chief of afghans in india
-left khijr khan as bengal governor -> khijr revolted -> made administration centralised.
-village headmen made responsible for the
goods stolen within the area
-peasants welfare
-army did not damage crops
-Land revenue based on land fertility
-taxes on traders only at the point of entry and the point of sale.-> trade increased
-Highways : (a)repaired Grand Trunk road from the Indus in the west to Sonargaon in Bengal ; (b)road connecting Gujarat’s
seaports with Agra and Jodhpur;
(c)road connecting Lahore with Multan
-gave justice without bias.
4.akbar
-built a city in Fathepur sikri and there he built Ibadat Khana (house of worship where debateson religion took place.)
-abolished pilgirmage tax and Ziziya. He banned forced conversion.banned sati.Matrimonial alliance with rajputs. Married harkha bai(jodha bai) d.o. Bhar mal of Amber
-He founded Din-e-Illahi, consisting of principles like worship of fire and sun, abandon meat eating, celebrating birth
days etc.
-capital shifts from agra -> fatehpur sikri-> lahore
-discontinued making slaves of war
-
5.jahangir
-executed 5th Sikh Guru, Arjun Dev
-12 firmans : Banning intoxicants, abolishing of taxes, release of political prisoners, Hospitals
-Captain Hawkins and Sir Thomas
Roe,british ambassadors.in his reign british got permission to establish a British factory at Surat
-more interested in art and painting and gardens and flowers -> wife mehrunisa(nur-jahan) became real power behind the throne.
- shah jahan
- Peacock throne for king was made ;
- Built taj-mahal
- aurangzeb
- first 25 years @ delhi ; last 25yrs @ deccan -> prompted by rebellion of prince akbar
- initially retained Shah Jahanabad as his capital ; later capital moved with him
- levied Jizya
- empire : SS#291
- did not have enough trustworthy men -> many political appointees broke loose
-Aurangzeb’s preoccupation with
affairs in the Deccan -> other parts neglected
-new temples not allowed to be constructed , only repairing allowed. -> hindu officials increased in reign surprisingly
important battles,significance,participants
1.Babar
a.First Battle of Panipat (1526)-
Defeated Ibrahim Lodi and
estbalished Mughal Sultanate.
b. Battle of Kanwa,near agra (1527)- He
defeated Rana Sangram Singh(AKA Rana sanga -> chittor ruler),ruler of mewar. In this battle he declared “Jihad”(
Religious war).
c. Battle of Chanderi(1528)- He
defeated Medini Roy of Chanderi. i.e.malwa region
d. Battle of Ghagra(tributary of ganges) (1529)- He defeated Nusrat Shah, Sultan of Bengal.
2.humayun
three of these battles with sher
shah suri:
- Battle of Chunar (1538)- Sher Shah Suri got defeated and was pardoned because sher shah told that he will be loyal to mughals
- Battle of Chausa (1539) - humayun marched bengal to fight sher shah-> heard of the rebellion of Hindal,
his younger brother ->proceeded to agra-> sher shah attacked
Humayun got defeated and escaped from battlefield.
3.bahadur shah of gujrat
why?had annexed Rajasthan and
instigated and provided refuge to all anti-Mughal elements.-> captured gujrat,malwa-> made incharge to brother askari ->askari unable to control revolt -> he went towards agra -> humayun felt that askari will keep agra for himself,but later both reconciled.
- Battle of Kannuj/Bilgram(1540)- after chausa defeat,again assembled army ->
Humayun got defeated and empire was taken by Sher Shah Suri.
5.Battle of Sirhind(1555) : defeated sikander suri,son of sher shah suri
- sher shah
- won malwa,
- won mewar from rana uday singh
- went to capture Kalinjar failed as a gunshot caused his death - akbar (SS #290)
- Second Battle of Panipat(1556 A.D) : defeated Hemu, senapati of Bihar Sultanate. (the Hindu general of the displaced Afghan king Adil Shah, successor of Sher Shah) ; Arrow struck in hemu’s eye -> army demoralised.
- won Malwa from Baz Bahadur (1562)
- Won gondwana from rani durgawati (1564)
4.ruler of Mewar, Rana Udai Singh, put
up a great fight before losing Chittor ; -> followed by the surrender of Rajput states like Ranthambhor, Kalinjar, Bikaner, Jodhpur and Jaisalmer.
- conquered Gujarat from Muzaffar Shah in 1573.
- Won bihar & bengal from daud khan (1576)
- 0 Battle of haldighati (1576) b/w Rana of Mewar, Maharana Pratap, and the Mughal emperor Akbar’s forces, led by Man Singh I of Amber.
7.defeated Mirza Hakim of Kabul
with the help of Raja Man Singh(1581)
- of Kashmir (1586) and Sindh (1591)
- Won khandesh (1591)
- Won berar from chand bibi(regent of ahmadnagar’s sultan) (1596)
- Won parts of ahmadnagar (1600)
- jahangir
- His accesion challenged by his own son -> blinded him(1605)
- Tamed usman khan from bengal
- Mewar won by his son shah-jahan(prince khurram) against Rana Amar Singh (s.o. rana pratap singh) -> accepted suzereinity
- 1608 Ahmad Nagar in the Deccan had declared independence under Malik Ambar.
- Kandahar, conquered by Akbar from the Persians , was retaken by the Persian King Shah Abbas (1622)
- shah jahan
- when crowned -> rebellion by pir lodi governor of the southern provinces -> defeated & killed him -> divided region in 4 province -> made aurangzeb viceroy
- conquered and annexed Ahmednagar (1636)
- invaded Golkonda-> treaty made the Qutub Shahi ruler a vassal of the Mughal empire
- annexed Kandahar, conquered by Akbar and lost by Jahangir(1638)
- Defeated portugese :they were taking people as slave, supported vijapur king
- aurangzeb
- battles with Dara shikoh at Dharma and Samugar
- suppressed revolts of Jats of Agra(Mathura district)(1669), Sikh revolt, Bundela revolts, Rajputs, satnami revolts(haryana)
- annexed Bijapur and Golconda (1687)
-The Rana of Mewar, Rana Raj Singh,
resenting the interference of Aurangzeb in
the affairs of Marwar rose in revolt -> later peace treaty
- killed guru tegh bahadur for supporting dara shikoh -> sent prince akbar to pacify rajputs -> prince became rebel -> had to flee to persia
- killed sambhaji(1689)
who established mughal empire? when?how?
- Babur
- in 1526
- defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the battle of Panipat
what forced babar to come to india? he was ruling which area b4 coming to india?
-race for political supremacy in Central
Asia amongst the Uzbeks,the Safavids,the
Ottomans.
-babar was ruler of samarkand.
Autobiography/related books
1.Babar
Tuzuk-i-Babri (baburnama) ,world classic
2.humayun
Humayun Nama : sister gul badan
3.sher shah
4.akbar
1. Abul Fazal : Akbar Nama (Taimur to
Akbar.) ; Ain-i-Akbari (adminsitration)
2. Abdul Khadir Badauni :
Muntakab-ul-Tawarik.
3. Nizamuddin Ahmed : Tabaqat-i Akbari.
-his period was popularly known as ‘the renaissance of Persian literature’.
5.jahangir
Himself wrote : Tuzuki Jahangiri
6.1 shah jahan
Abdul Hamid Lahori wrote Badusha nama.
6.2 Dara shikoh -> son of shah jahan
-transalated Bhagavad gita into
persian; and transalted 52
upanishads and named as “Sirr-e -
Akbari”.
-wrote “ Majma-ul-Bahrain”.
7.aurangzeb
-Ishwardas- wrote a book called
Futuhat-I Alangir
2. Mohd. Kazimi wrote Alangir
nama.
3. Mustaid Khan wrote a book
named Masir -i-Alangiri.
4. Bhimsen wrote a book
Nushka-i- Dilsukha.
5. Kafi Khan wrote a book Kitabul-
lubab.
Death of sultans
Babar : he died on his way from Agra to Lahore in 1530,after battle of ghagra
humayun : he slipped down the stairs
of the library in the fort at Delhi.
sher shah : to capture Kalinjar failed as a gunshot caused his death in 1545
akbar
jahangir
shahjahan
aurangzeb
new city constructed by humayun in delhi?
Dinpanah
Mughal empire expansion
https://www.mapsofindia.com/history/mughal-empire-map.jpg
1530 : babur died(till then babur)
1605 :akbar died
1707 : aurangzeb died
maratha kingdom
https://www.mapsofindia.com/history/maratha-empire.html
- important monument & their details
ex. Ibadat Khana
- Sher shah suri
- started building walled city in delh -> purana qila(old fort) - Akbar
- buland darwaja @ fatehpur sikri
Mughals descended from whom?
Mongol Chengiz Khan and the Turk Timur.
Who invited babur to invade india?
Daulat Khan Lodi,opponent of Ibrahim Lodi, and Rana Sangha, ruler of Mewar and the chief of Rajput Confederacy
Who invited babur to invade india?
Daulat Khan Lodi,opponent of Ibrahim Lodi, and Rana Sangha, ruler of Mewar and the chief of Rajput Confederacy
what is jagirdari?
- developed during the Delhi Sultanate.
- collection of the revenue by official of state
what is zamindari?
- collected revenue from the tenants and cultivators and remitted a fixed amount to the state.
- post hereditary
what is zamindari?
- collected revenue from the tenants and cultivators and remitted a fixed amount to the state.
- post hereditary
Who was bairam khan?
-akbar came on throne @ 14 yrs -> bairam khan his regent -> later started to behave haughtily towards other nobles -> akbar dismissed him -> revolted -> revolt managed -> went to mecca
Which rajput kingdoms defied akbar’s authority?
1.Mewar
By : Rana uday singh & his son Rana pratap singh
2.Marwar(jodhpur)
ruler Chandra Sen, son of Maldeo
Rathore, resisted the Mughals till his death.even though his brothers fought from akbar’s side.
What is mansabdari system?
- centralised system of administration
- by akbar
- The salary of a Mansabdar was fixed in cash but was paid by assigning him a jagir
- not hereditary
- Mansabdar rank was divided into Zat (number of soldiers) and Sawar(no. of horses).
Akbar’s Religious Policy propogated which philosophy? exact words to describe his philosophy? his philosophy is considered as? Started which separate department?
- philosophy of Sulh-i-Kul (peace to all).
- Tauhid-i-Ilahi namely Din Ilahi. Tauhid-i-Ilahi literally meant divine monotheism.
3.considered a sufistic order but
not a new religion.
4.big translation department -> The
Ramayana, Mahabharata, the Atharva Veda, the Bible and the Quran -> into Persian.
Who was malik ambar?
- slave from Ethiopia
- learnt about statecraft, military and administrative affairs from Chengiz Khan(P.M. of ahmad nagar)
- later became the Military Commander and Regent of one of the south Indian Sultanates.
- Deccan Muslims and Marathas united to resist Mughal hegemony -> brain of malik ambar
- Trained marathas
Which are deccan sultanates or southern sultanates?
Golkonda (Qutb Shahs), Bijapur (Adil Shahs), Berar (Imad Shahs), Bidar (Barid Shahs) Ahmad Nagar (Nizam Shahs)
Taj mahal by? for? has blend of which styles? chief architect?
- shah-jahan
- Mumtaj mahal
- a blend of Indian, Persian and Islamic
- Ahmad Lahawri
