Chap 3

Question 1

1. The “O” in PICO stands for what?
   a. Observation
   b. Outcome
   c. Objective
   d. Obstacle

Answer 1

Answer: b

Question 2

2. Information that has been researched, evaluated, and synthesized is known as:
   a. Filtered
   b. Organized
   c. Recommended
   d. Reviewed

Answer 2

Answer: a

Question 3

3. An example of an unfiltered research article would be:
   a. A critically appraised topic
   b. A systematic review
   c. A randomized controlled trial
   d. A meta analysis

Answer 3

Answer: c

Question 4

4. If a researcher wants to assess how well evidence applies to a clinical question, the researcher would be assessing:
   a. Validity
   b. Reliability
   c. Accuracy
   d. Applicability

Answer 4

Answer: d

Question 5

5. Which type of evidence is considered the highest level?
   a. Systematic review
   b. Randomized controlled trial
   c. Cohort studies
   d. Case series

Answer 5

Answer: a

Question 6

6. A clinician performs an anterior draw test and diagnoses the patient with an ACL tear. However, the patient does NOT have a torn ACL. This would be an example of:
   a. True positive
   b. False positive
   c. True negative
   d. False negative

Answer 6

Answer: b

Question 7

7. True or False: Patient-oriented outcome measures assess quality of life from a broad perspective

Answer 7

True

Question 8

8. True or False: The “P” in PICO stands for either Patient or Problem

Answer 8

True

Question 9

9. True or False: A case report is higher level evidence compared to a cohort study

Answer 9

False

Question 10

10. True or False: A highly sensitive test is best used to rule out an injury

Answer 10

True

Question 11

11. _____________ evidence includes physiological information:

Answer 11

• Disease-oriented or clinician-oriented

Question 12

12. The words “and”, “or”, “not” are called ______________ terms in research

Answer 12

• Boolean

Question 13

13. An example of __________ reliability would be two researchers performing a Lachman’s test to determine if they have the same result

Answer 13

• Interrater

Question 14

14. The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values for a diagnostic test are all influenced by the _______________ of the injury

Answer 14

• Prevalence

Question 15

15. The number of new cases during a set observation period would be defined as_________________

Answer 15

• incidence rate

Question 16

16. What are the three components of evidence-based health care?

Answer 16

• Evidence
• Clinical expertise
• Patient values/circumstances

Question 17

17. What are the five steps needed to practice evidence-based health care?

Answer 17

• Develop a clinical question
• Search for the best evidence
• Evaluate the evidence for validity, impact, and applicability
• Integrate the evidence into the clinical decision
• Evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of steps 1–4

Question 18

18. What is the purpose of using Boolean terms when searching for literature?

Answer 18

• Boolean terms focus the literature search to produce the most relevant information

Question 19

19. What is the difference between reliability and validity in research?

Answer 19

• Reliability is reproducibility
• Validity is accuracy

Question 20

20. What are positive and negative likelihood ratios?

Answer 20

• Likelihood ratios determine how likely a patient does or doesn’t have an injury based on the diagnostic test results.
• Positive likelihood ratios determine how much more likely the patient is to have the condition if their diagnostic test is positive.
• Negative likelihood ratios determine how much less likely the patient is to have the condition if their diagnostic test is negative.