chap 9

Question 1

coxal /; hip joint 7 anatomical features

Answer 1

1.) articular capsule
2.) iliofemoral ligament
- strongest ligament of the body
( prevents hyperextension while standing )
3.) pubofemoral ligament
- thickened portion of the articular capsule ( inferiorly)
- prevents overabduction of the femur
4.) ischiofemoral ligament
- thickened portion of articular capsule ( posteriorly )
5.) ligament of the head of the femur
6.) acetebral labrum
- fibrocartilage rim attached to margin of acetabulum –> enhances the depth of the acetabulum

Question 2

Be able to list and describe the three phases of deep wound healing (also known
as tissue repair)

Answer 2

inflammatory phase-
- formation of a blood clot to reduce infection
- release of inflammatory chemicals ( histamine)
- vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels
- excess fluid causes swelling ( edema) and pain

proliferative phase
- blood clot is replaced With granulation tissue
- epithelium begins to regenerate
- damaged blood vessels begin to regrow
- fibroblasts produce collage fibres to bridge the gap
- debris is phagocytize

3.) remodelling phase
the scab detaches
- formation of scar tissue
- fibrous tissue matures
- results in a fully regenerated epithelium with underlying scar tissue

Question 3

Be able to list and describe the three different types of skin cancer

Answer 3

basal cell carcinoma
- stratum basal cells proliferate and slowly invade dermis and hypodermis

• frequently found on the head, neck, rms and back
• cured by surgical excision in 99 percent of cases

squamous cell carcinoma
- involves the keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum
- most common on scalp, ears , lower lip and hands

good prognosis if treated y radiation therapy or removed surgically
- grows faster than bcc

melanoma
- involves melanocytes ( easily metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy )

has
- asymmetry - the two sides of the pigmented area do not match
border - exhibits indentations or is irregular in shape
colour - black, brown, tan or sometimes red or blue
diameter ;> 6mm
its evolving its shape has changed

Question 4

Be able to describe the rule of nines and its importance, and explain how
information obtained using this method and the classification of burns is used to
determine if a burn is critical

Answer 4

the rule of nines is used to estimate the volume of fluid loss from burns because the immediate threat once someone obtains a burn is dehydration and electrolyte imbalance.

head and neck 9%
anterior and posterior limbs 18%
trunk 36%
genitatlia 1%
anterior and posterior lower limbs 36%

Question 5

3Be able to list and describe the different steps in intramembranous ossification

Answer 5

step 1 ,mesenchymal cells cluster and ossification centres form. selected centrally located mesenchymal cells cluster a d differentiate into osteogenic cells and then into osteoblasts forming an ossification centre

step 2. osteoid is secreted within the fibrous membrane nc calcifies osteoblasts begin to secrete osteoid which calcifies within a few days producing the first trabecular of spongy bone. trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes

step 3. trabecular matrix and periosteum form;
accumulating osteoid is laid down between embryonic blood vessels in a manner that in a network of trabecular called woven bone

step 4. compact bone develops superficial to trabecular bone. blood vessels condense into red marrow
trabeculae just deep to the periosteum thicken mature compact bone replaces them forming superficial plates. spongy bone ( dipole). consisting of distinct trabecuklae persists internally and its vascular tissue becomes red marrow .

Question 6

the acetabulum is the

Answer 6

convergence of the ilium, ischium and pubis to form a central deep cavity it is located on the lateral surface of the hip bone and is where the head of the femur articulates

Question 7

each hip bone is attached to the axial skeleton at the

Answer 7

sacrum

Question 8

together the _______________ make up the pelvis

Answer 8

two hip bones, coccyx and sacrum

Question 9

the ischium forms

Answer 9

the posterolateral portion of the hipbone

Question 10

shoulder glenohumeral joint

Answer 10

1. articular capsule
   2.) coracohumeral ligament
   - extends from coracoid process of the scapula to greater tubercle of the humerus
   - helps support the weight of the upper limb

3.) glenohumeral ligaments ( 3)
- three thickenings of the articular capsule
- extend from glenoid cavity to lesser tubercle and neck of humerus
- somewhat weak anterior reinforcements

4.) transverse humeral ligament
- extends from greater tubercle to lesser tubercle of humerus
- holds the long head of the biceps brachia muscle

5.) glenoid labrum
- narrow fibrocartilage around the edge of glenoid cavity

6.) bursae ( four )
- subscapular bursa
- sub deltoid bursa
- subacromial bursa

Question 11

glenoid cavity articulates with the

Answer 11

humerus of the upper limb to form the glenohumeral joint

Question 12

the scapula

Answer 12

supported by the clavicle and articulates with the humerus to form the shoulder joint

Question 13

clavicle

Answer 13

sternal end - which articulates with the sternum

acromial end - that articulates with the scapula

shaft - between the two ends

only thing attaching your arm to your body is your clavicle

• technically classified as a long bone

Question 14

structural classification of joints :synovial joint

Answer 14

1.) joint cavity -enabling free movement, reducing friction, and nourishing cartilage.
2.) articular capsule -provides stability, protects the joint, and facilitates smooth motion
3.) synovial membrane - is a specialized connective tissue lining the inner surfaces of joint capsules, tendon sheaths, and bursae. Its primary function is to secrete synovial fluid, which lubricates joints to reduce friction,
4.) synovial fluid - reduces friction during movement, maintains joint homeostasis, and removes debris.
National Institutes of Health (.gov)

5.) articular cartilage -provide a low-friction surface for smooth joint movement, act as a shock absorber by distributing loads across joints, and protect subchondral bone from damage.
National Institutes of Health (NIH) | (.gov)

6.) nerves and blood vessels -a highly integrated, branched network essential for homeostasis, with vessels delivering oxygen/nutrients and removing waste, while nerves transmit signals for sensation and movement
7.) reinforcing ligaments ( intristic , extrinsic, intracapsular) and tendons -to stabilize synovial joints by anchoring bones together, preventing excessive or abnormal movements, and limiting the range of motion to protect against dislocation

Question 15

six types of synovial joints and examples

Answer 15

1,) pivot joints – allows rotational movement uniaxial ex. proximal radioulnar joint

2.) hinge joint uniaxial joint allows for flexion and extension, knee elbows ankles

3.)condyloid joint - biaxial joint allows for flexion extension abduction adduction and circumduction movements ex. joints of fingers

4.) saddle - biaxial, allows flexion / extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction movements , example is sternoclavicular joint

5.) plane joint - multiaxial joint - allows for inversion and eversion of the foot or flexion extension and lateral flexion of the vertebral column , intertarsa; joints of the foot

6.) ball and socket joint -Multiaxial joint; allows flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction, and medial/lateral rotation movements ex. shoulder and hip joints