Chapter 1

Question 1

What is the definition of Anatomy and Physiology? What are their subdivisions?

Answer 1

Anatomy = study of structure
-subdivisions include gross (regional/regions, surface/superficial, systemic/systems), microscopic (cytology/cells & histology/tissues), and developmental (embryology)

Physiology = branch of biology dealing with the functions and activities
-subdivision based on organ systems ex. renal physiology

Question 2

What is the theory of complementarity?

Answer 2

Anatomy and physiology are inseparable. Function always reflects structure. Form fits function. What a structure can do depends on its form.

Ex. Chew teeth with flat, big teeth in the back.
Ex. Round & Hollow -> store something
Ex. Thin -> things can diffuse through

Question 3

List the levels of structural organization from least to most complex

Answer 3

Chemical (atoms & molecules) > cellular (cells & organelles) > tissue (groups of similar cells) > Organ (contain 2+ types of tissues) > organ system (organs working closely together) > organismal (all organ systems)

Ex. atoms/molecules > organelle > smooth muscle cell > smooth muscle tissue > blood vessel > cardiovascular system > human

Question 4

List the 11 physiological systems

Answer 4

1. Renal
2. Cardiovascular
3. Nervous
4. Endocrine
5. Skeletal
6. Muscular
7. Lymphatic/Immune
8. Integumentary
9. Reproductive
10. Respiratory
11. Digestive

Question 5

What is anatomical position? 5 components

Answer 5

1. Body erect
2. feet slightly apart
3. palms facing forward
4. appendicular skeleton (appendages legs/arm)
5. chest and body make up the axial skeleton

-axial skeleton further divided into dorsal and ventral cavities

Question 6

Know the subdivision of the dorsal and ventral cavities and what is contained in each.

Answer 6

Dorsal = protects nervous system

• cranial (encase brain)
• spinal (encase spinal cord)

Ventral = houses internal organs (viscera)

-thoracic (mediastinum (further divided into pericardial (heart) and superior mediastinum (blood vessels, trachea, esophagus) and pleural cavity (lungs))

• abdominopelvic
• abdominal cavity contains digestive viscera
• pelvic cavity contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

-separated by a diaphragm

Question 7

What is the mediastinum and what is located in it?

Answer 7

• contains the pericardial cavity, which encloses the heart
• contains the superior mediastinum
• contains the heart, blood vessel, trachea, esophagus

Question 8

Describe the anatomical importance of the diaphragm (know spelling) muscle.

Answer 8

Divides the ventral cavity into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Question 9

Distinguish between visceral and parietal serous membranes.

Name the functions of a serous fluid (2)

Answer 9

Visceral = around the organs ("viscera" means organs)
Parietal = around cavity walls

Serous fluids fill the cavity in between that visceral and parietal walls and prevent damage due to friction and provides nutrients to organs

• pleura = lungs
• peritoneum = digestive organs
• pericardium = heart

Question 10

Renal System (4)

Answer 10

• secretion of waste

- kidney, bladder, ureters

Question 11

Cardiovascular System (3)

Answer 11

• transports blood (which has O2, CO2, waste, nutrients)

- heart and blood vessels

Question 12

Nervous System (3)

Answer 12

• controls & regulates body processes (by responding to internal/external stimuli by activating the correct gland and muscles)
• spinal chord, brain

Question 13

Endocrine System (4)

Answer 13

• hormones regulate the body processes (growth, reproductions, nutrient use/metabolism)
• thyroid, pancreas, pituitary

Question 14

Skeletal System (2)

Answer 14

• support (the body organs), (provide a framework for) movement
• bones

Question 15

Muscular System (2)

Answer 15

• movement, maintain temperature

- muscles

Question 16

Digestive System (6)

Answer 16

• process food and removes waste

- stomach, esophagus, small/large intestine, liver

Question 17

Integumentary System (6)

Answer 17

• protects (deeper tissues from injury)
• largest system in the body
• skin, hair, nails, (sweat and oil) glands

Question 18

Reproductive System (3)

Answer 18

• produces hormones & gametes (sperm and eggs), procreation

- uterus, ovaries/testes

Question 19

Respiratory System (4)

Answer 19

• removes CO2 and transports O2 to the body

- trachea, lungs, bronchi

Question 20

Define the term homeostasis (2)

Answer 20

• dynamic state of the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment despite continuous outside changes
• internal conditions vary but within narrow limits

Question 21

What are the 5 parts of a homeostatic regulatory system and what is the function of each? What is the flow in the human body?

Answer 21

1. Receptor: senses the stimulus
2. Afferent pathway
3. Control center: determines set point at which variable is maintained. Receives input from the receptor and determines appropriate response.
4. Efferent pathway
5. Effector: provides response. receives response from the control center
   - -> response reduces/enhances the stimulus/feedback

General Flow:

1. Stimulus produces change in a variable
2. Receptors (small nerves) sense that change (nervous/endocrine system)
3. Information sent to the control center (brain/endocrine glands) along the afferent pathway
4. Control center (brain/endocrine glands) sends signal to the effector (muscle/glands) along the efferent pathway
5. Response of effector feeds back to reduce the effects of stimulus and returns to homeostatic level

Question 22

Explain how a homeostatic mechanism is regulated by positive feedback by using examples we discussed in class.

Answer 22

1. Platelet formation on blood vessels. As more platelets stick, send more signals to recruit more platelets to form clots
2. As oxytocin released during labor, uterus contracts. the more it contracts, the more oxytocin is released

Question 23

Explain how a homeostatic mechanism is regulated by negative feedback using examples we used in class.

Answer 23

Body temperature regulation:

1. Temperature of the body increases
2. Thermal receptors sense change and sends info to the hypothalamus along the afferent pathway
3. hypothalamus interprets signal and sends signal to sweat glands along the endocrine pathway
4. sweat glands produce sweat
5. temperature decreased

Blood glucose regulation:

1. Blood sugar level increases after eating
2. Receptor detects increase in blood glucose levels and sends info to the brain
3. brain determines that the blood glucose needs to go down.
4. Brain tells pancreas to produce insulin
5. Pancrease produces insulin (which increases cell membrane permeability so that glucose enters the cell) which decreases blood glucose levels
   - if blood sugar level drop, signal sent to pancreas to produce glucagon, which breaks down glycogen into glucose in the liver

Question 24

What are the 5 survival needs?

Answer 24

1. Oxygen (most important because of cellular respiration, accepts the final electron in ATP synthesis)
2. Water
3. Nutrients
4. Normal body temperature (affects rate of chemical rxns)
5. Normal atmospheric pressure (for adequate breathing/gas exchange in lungs)

Question 25

What are the 8 necessary life functions

Answer 25

1. Maintaining boundaries between internal and external environments (skin, plasma membranes) 2. Movement (contractility) of body parts (skeletal muscle) or substances (cardiac and smooth muscle) 3. Responsiveness: ability to sense and respond to stimuli 4. Digestion: breakdown of food and absorption of molecules into the blood 5. Metabolism: all chemical rxns in a cell (catabolism/breakdown, anabolism/synthesis) 6. Reproduction: production of offspring 7. Growth: cellular division for growth/repair 8. Excretion: removal of waste from digestion and metabolism (urea, feces, CO2)