Define joint. What is it also called (2)? What is its function (2)
- site where 2 or more bones meet
- anthro, articulation
- give skeleton mobility
- hold skeleton together
What are functional and structural classifications? Explain the functional (3) and structural (3) classifications of joints: and give one example of each
- functional: classification based on the amount of movement allowed by the joint
- structural: classification based on material binding bones together & whether a joint cavity is present or not
Synovial Joint diagram
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List the parts to a synovial joint (10)
articular cartilage, joint (synovial) cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, 3 reinforcing ligaments, rich nerve & blood supply, menisci, bursae, tedon sheath
Synovial joint: Articular cartilage (1)
-thin layer of hyaline cartilage on the ends of the articulating bones
Synovial Joint: Joint (articular) capsule (2)
- Tubular structure that has two distinct layers.
- The outer layer is made up of dense fibrous connective tissue.
- The inner layer is a shiny vascular membrane (loose CT) called the synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid
Synovial joints: synovial fluid, what is in it/secretion (3), function (2)
- A clear viscous fluid (filtrate of plasma, hyaluronic acid, macrophages) secreted by the synovial membrane
- lubrication & nourishment of the joint
Synovial joint: ligaments (1), 3 types
- Bundles of tough collagenous fibers serve to reinforce the joint capsule
1. Capsular: part of fibrous capsle
2. Extracapsular: outside the capsule
3. Intracapsular: deep capsule covered by synovial membrane
Synovial joint: menisci
-Disks of fibrocartilage found in some synovial joints that serve as shock absorbers.
Synovial joints: bursae. What is its function? What is bursitis? What is it caused by? What is its treatment?
- “purse”
- synovial fluid-filled sacs, lined with synovial membrane
- that cushion and aid the movement of tendons/reduce friction
- inflammation of the bursa, caused by a blow/friction
- treated with rest and ice, if severe, antiinflammatory drugs
What is tendon sheath? (2)
- elongated bursa that wraps completely around tendon
- reduces frictions as tendons glides over structures
List six types of synovial joints, and name an example of each type.
identify the bones and major ligaments of the knee (3, 2, 4)
Joints surrounded by one joint cavity
- femoropatellar joint
- lateral & medial tibiofemoral joints
Extracapsular ligaments
- tibial collateral ligaments
- fibular collateral ligament
Intracapsular ligaments
- anterior & posterior cruciate ligaments
- medial & lateral meniscus
patellar & quadriceps femoris
- patellar: ligaments that continue from tendons of quadriceps of anterior thigh
- quadriceps femoris: muscle that allows for flexion and extension
medial & lateral collaterals, what movements of the knee are prevented by them
what are they also called?
- prevent medial /lateral (side to side) rotation
- tibial collateral, fibular collateral
anterior & posterior cruciates, which movements are prevented by these
-prevent anterior-posterior displacement
what are the medial and lateral menisci. What is their function? Where are they attached? What often happens to them?
- fibrocartilage pads that improve fit of tibiofemoral joint
- only attached at outer margin
- often torn
what is “water on the knee”?
- when excess fluid accumulates in the knee due to inflammation
- bursitis of the prepatellar bursa
rheumatoid arthritis: causes (1), typical manifestations (2 - what is the last step of the process called), and treatments (3)
Cause
-unknown
Manifestation
- inflamed synovial membranes thicken into a pannus
- pannus erodes cartilage, scar issue forms, articulating bones connect (ankylosis)
Treatment
- conservative therapy: aspirin, long-term use antibiotics, physical therapy
- progressive therapy: anti-inflammatory drugs or immunosuppressants like methotrexate
- joint replacement
osteoarthritis: causes, typical manifestations (4), and treatments (5)
Cause
-normal aging process
Manifestations
- breaking down of articular cartilage to enlarge bone ends and restrict movement
- joints of spine, hip, knee, finger
Treatment
-moderate activity, pain relievers, capsaicin creams, glucosamine, and chondroitin sulfate, RICE (rest, ice, compress, elevate)
gouty arthritis: causes, typical manifestations, and treatments
Cause
-deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues, followed by inflammation
Manifestation
- more common in men
- affects joint at big toe
- if untreated, bone ends fuse and immobolize joint
Treatment
-drugs, water, avoidance of alcohol, red meats, liver, kidneys
-alcohol has high level of purin (nucleotide)
What’s the connection between gout and red meat?
red meats are skeletal muscles that are multinucleated. Uracil of RNA metabolized, producing uric acid
state the difference between a “strain” and a “sprain”
- strain: spasm of the muscle, over-stretching of the muscle
- sprain: ligaments stretched or torn
what does “torn cartilage” refer to?
torn meniscus
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Tissue Lab57
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Bone Lab68
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Muscles Lab73
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Syllabus17
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Chapter 125
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Chapter 237
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Chapter 344
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Chapter 5 Skin18
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Chapter 6 Bones46
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Chapter 8 Joints38
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Chapter 9 Muscles72
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Chapter 11 Nervous System77
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Nerve Lab40
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Chapter 19 Central Nervous System106
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Chapter 13 Peripheral Nervous System48
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Eyes & Ears Lab31
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Chapter 14 Autonomic Nervous System22
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Chapter 15 Special Senses55
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Chapter 16 Endocrine System & Quiz15
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Exam 137
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Exam 245
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Exam 347
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Exam 446
