Chapter 1

Question 1

3 components of development

Answer 1

physical (dev brain), cognitive (how you think, perception), psychosocial (interactions with others)

Question 2

5 characteristics of development

Answer 2

1. lifelong process
2. multidirectional (intellect/musical skills)
3. involves gain and loss (honing skills)
4. lifelong plasticity
5. shaped by historical/cultural context (pandemic)

Question 3

What are 4 historical changes that occurred?

Answer 3

1) 17th century: childhood as an age of innocence
2) 19th/20th century: adolescence - transitional times/changes (Amish allowed to leave the community
3) 20th century: middle age, empty nest (children leave when they grow up)
4) 20th century: old age as retirement

Question 4

Stanley Hall (4)

Answer 4

• founder of developmental psychology
• first president of the APA
• pioneered research on childhood, adolescence, and old age
• characterized adolescence as a period of “storm and stress”

Question 5

Nature (3) vs Nurture (10)

Answer 5

Nature

• biological unfolding of the individual (maturation)
• innate and inborn (biological disposition)
• genes (heredity passed on from parents to child)

Nurture
-environment, learning, experience, cultural influence, neighborhood, family peers, pollution, teachers, social interactions

Question 6

2 principles of nature and nurture

Answer 6

1. nature (genetic tendencies) shape our nurture (life experiences)
2. we need the right nurture (life experiences) to express of nature (genetic talents)
   - belskey

Question 7

How is development studied? (3)

Answer 7

• scientific method
• systematic observation/data
• goal: believe data & weed out flawed ideas

Question 8

2 components of the scientific method (1, 5)

Answer 8

-theory, hypothesis (conjecture, suppositions, speculations, postulations, if/then)

Question 9

Good theories are…(3)

Answer 9

• internally consistent, does not present contradictory hypothesis
• falsifiable, can be prove wrong
• supported by data

Question 10

research sample, population

Answer 10

• group of individuals being studied

- well defined group from which a sample is draw

Question 11

random sample (3)

Answer 11

• carefully selected group of individuals
• confidence in research sample
• makes generalization possible

Question 12

3 methods of data collection

Answer 12

1) verbal reports
2) physiological measures (responses, MRI)
3) behavioral observation (naturalistic & structured)

Question 13

3 research methods

Answer 13

• case study: in-depth analysis of an individual or group; hypothesis good source but cannot be generalized
• experimental method: independent & dependent variable
• correlational method: 2 or more variables related in a systematic way (r -1 (negative correlation) to 1 (positive correlation))

Question 14

3 research designs

Answer 14

1) cross-sectional design
- study of cohorts of various ages
- provides info about age differences, not development
- quick & easy

2) longitudinal design
- study of same group/cohort repeatedly over time

3) sequential design
- combines cross and long
- age trends
- extremely costly

Question 15

4 parts to protect the rights of research participants

Answer 15

informed consent, debriefing (telling purpose of the study after experiment ends), protection of harm, confidentiality