Chapter 2

Question 1

Erik Erickson (10)

Answer 1

• father of lifespan development
• psychoanalytical/psychosocial theory
• infancy (0-1) basic trust/belief: human world is caring
• toddlerhood (1-2) autonomy celebrates separate self
• early childhood (3-6) initiative: tackling big projects
• middle childhood (7-12) industry: work/friends/school
• adolescence (teens-20s): identity vs role confusion
• early adulthood (20-40s): intimacy vs isolation
• middle adulthood (40 to 60s) generativity
• late adulthood (60+) integrity

Question 2

the Albert experiment

Answer 2

-loud noise paired with rat. initially neutral stimulus (rat) becomes associated with fear. baby will cry as sight of rat

Question 3

4 types of developmental theories

Answer 3

1. a) psychoanalytical/psychosexual = Freud
   b) psychoanalytical/psychosocial = Erickson
2. learning
3. cognitive development = Piaget
4. systems = Brofenbrennar

Question 4

Bandura (4)

Answer 4

• social cognitive theory
• observational learning is learning by observing the behavior of other people (models)
• children learn by imitation
• observational = more cognitive

Question 4

B. F. Skinner (7)

Answer 4

• operant conditioning
• behavior comes from consequences
• repeat behaviors with desirable consequences and cut down behaviors with negative consequences
• positive reinforcement: addition of something positive (father gives into whining by letting kid play nintendo, increasing behavior in the future)
• negative reinforcement: something undesirable removed (fasten seat belt to escape unpleasant beeping sound, strengthens behavior
• positive punishment: unpleasant stimulus (spanking)
• negative punishment: desireable stimulus removed (loose tv privilege)

Question 5

Piaget

Answer 5

-cognitive-developmental theory
0-2: sensorimotor - baby manipulates objects to learn basics of physical reality/dev of language
2-7: preoperational - children’s perceptions are captured by their immediate appearance
7-12: concrete operations - children have a realistic understanding of the world. they reason conceptionally about concrete objects. But cannot think abstractly in a scientific way
12+ formal operations - reasoning at the pinnacle, hypothetical, scientific, flexible, fully adult (cognitive)

Question 6

brofenbrenner

Answer 6

-bioecological model

1) microsystem: immediate physical and
social environment
Ex. family, daycare, peers, school

2) mesosystem: interrelationships between 2+ microsystems
Ex. stressful events in family microsystem bleed into the school microsystem and doing unwell

3) Exosystem: social settings that do not experience directly but influence their development
Ex. the kind of neighborhood they live in

4) Macrosystem: cultural/societal context
Ex. paid time off to be parents

Question 7

pros and cons of systems theories

Answer 7

Pros
-capture complexity of the life-span human development

Cons

• partially formulated and tested
• not a clear picture/path of development