Chapter 4

Question 1

prenatal development (6)

Answer 1

• midway of menstrual cycle (every 28 days) ovum is released
• intercourse: 300 million sperm enter body
• 300 survive 6 hour journey to fallopian tube
• one sperm enters egg
• biochemical reaction keeps other sperm from entering
• conception has taken place

Question 2

prenatal stage lasts about ___ days/months

Answer 2

266 days/9 months

Question 3

second trimester (4)

Answer 3

• months 4 to 6
• refined activities (thumb sucking)
• sensory organ functioning
• age of viability

Question 4

third trimester (4)

Answer 4

• months 6 to 9
• rapid growth in length/weight
• myelin (insulation cover on brain) development, improving ability of neurons to transmit signals
• waking, heart rate, and sleeping patterns

Question 5

diseases affecting the prenatal environment (4)

Answer 5

• rubella: blindness, deafness, heart defects, brain damage
• gestational diabetes
• syphilis: blindness, deafness, heart defects, brain damage
• AIDS

Question 6

environmental hazards to prenatal development (2)

Answer 6

• radiation

- pollutants: heavy metal, mercury, pesticides

Question 7

parents’ state in prenatal development (2)

Answer 7

• mother: stay active, diet, quit smoking, age, emotional state, nutritional state
• father: age, risks/physical and mental/down syndrome

Question 8

possible birthing hazards (4)

Answer 8

• anoxia (lack of O2) due to tangled umbilical cord, sedative to mom, mucus, or breech birth (feet first)
• complicated delivery: use of forceps or suction cups
• c-section: when baby too large, fetus out of position, placenta prematurely separates from the uterus, fetal monitoring indicates a problem (mothers take longer to recover and bond)
• medications/sedatives

Question 9

neonatal enviornment

Answer 9

-cross-cultural variation in beliefs concerning newborns
(-the beng/ivory coast view newborn as not this world until umbilical cord falls off/gives enemas twice a day using chili pepper solution)
-sleep in bed with mother/breast feed for children above 4 years old
-industrialized nations
-infants not touched as much, on an eat schedule