chapter 1

Question 1

psychological abnormality

Answer 1

• behaviour, speech, or thought that impairs the ability of a person to function in a way that is generally expected of them in their context

Question 2

What term is often used instead of psychological abnormalities

Answer 2

psychopathology (study of those with psychological abnormaities)

Question 3

wakefield concluded that harmful dysfunction is the key notion. What is dysfunction referring to

Answer 3

• ‘failure of internal mechanisms to perform naturally selected functions

Question 4

according to wakefield what two criteria does one need to fit in order to conclude that a behaviour is disordered

Answer 4

• scientific judgement that there is a failure of designed function
• value judgement that said failure harms the individual

Question 5

t or f: wakefield argues that even if an individual may or may not be able to perform natural functions, their behaviour can still be called abnormal

Answer 5

false, unless the individual is unable to perform a natural function, it doesnt make sense to call a behaviour abnormal

Question 6

how can abnormal and evolutionary psychology be linked?

Answer 6

• evolutionary: what doesnt help organisms reproduce can be considered dysfunctional

Question 7

What relationship did Thomas Szaz believe mirrors that of psychiatrist/patient

Answer 7

church/witch

Question 8

What are the four general attempts at recognizing behaviour as abnormal

Answer 8

• Diagnosis by professional
• Personal distress
• Statistical concept
• Violation of norms

Question 9

In 1928, what act was passed deeming that those who were ‘mentally ill’ were to be sterilized to prevent deterioration of the general public’s intellect.

Answer 9

sexual sterilization act

Question 10

What is the procedure called in old times when people would drill holes in the skull while people were alive and what are the explanations

Answer 10

• trephination
• hole to let out evil spirits
• remove bone splinters or blood clots from warfare

Question 11

hippocrates

Answer 11

• father of modern medicine
• denied belief that psychological problems were caused by
  intervention of gods/demons
• ‘wandering uterus’>hysteria

Question 12

disturbances in body fluid, or ________, were thought to have been the cause of mental illness

Answer 12

humours

Question 13

Where were asylums established?

Answer 13

Arab cities

Question 14

According to luther, what are the two different types of possession and what differentiates them

Answer 14

Corporally (bodily): one becomes mad
Spiritually: one is a witch

Question 15

Paracelsus

Answer 15

• rejected the four humours theory and instead claimed mental illness resulted from disturbances of the spiritus vitae (breath of life)
• treated people with early version of hynosis

Question 16

St Vitus’ dance

Answer 16

• aka tarantella
• people leaping/dancing/jumping around uncontrollably, sometimes convulsing

Question 17

Johannes Wayner

Answer 17

• rejected exorcism
• advocated for natural/physical treatments

Question 18

Where was the first mental institution in north america

Answer 18

• mexico, built by spaniards

Question 19

where does the term lunatic stem from

Answer 19

• latin for moon, luna
• Paracelsus thought the moon to play a role in emotional and mental processing

Question 20

bedlam

Answer 20

• rowdy, chaotic behaviour
• local corruption of Bethlehem
• come from disruption from residents of mental institutions being distracted by tourists

Question 21

Pinel

Answer 21

• emphasized role of social and psychological factors that contribute to development of mental illness
• saw asylums as therapeutic
• treatment of pateints should be respectful

Question 22

mental hygiene movement

Answer 22

• desire to protect people and provide humane treatment for those with mental illness

Question 23

moral therapy

Answer 23

• a therapeutic approach that emphasized character and spiritual development, and called for kindness on the part of all who came in contact with the patient

Question 24

biological approaches to causes of mental illness

Answer 24

• hereditary
• infections
• disordered brain chemistry

Question 25

degeneration theory

Answer 25

- deviations from normal functioning are transmitted by hereditary processes and they progressively degrease over generations - introduced by Benedict morel

Question 26

What did Lombroso determine about criminality

Answer 26

- it is hereditary - can be seen through the shape of a person's skull

Question 27

What did Emily Kraepelin do

Answer 27

- published 'Clinical Psychiatry' that attempted to classify mental illness - coined groups of syndromes often occurring together as syndromes - found that they also differed in age of onset and lifespan - suggested that different disorders had different causes, thought all to be biological

Question 28

GPI

Answer 28

- General paresis of the insane - aka neurosyphilis - untreated syphilis leads to this - mania, grandiosa, and euphoria -later: dementia/paralysis - cured through injection of either tuberculin or typhus

Question 29

somatogenesis

Answer 29

- psychopathology is caused by biological factors - soma=body

Question 30

shock therapy

Answer 30

- cold water submersions

Question 31

what illness were insulin induced comas used to (successfully) treat

Answer 31

schizophrenia

Question 32

what did Meduna suggest would alleviate schizophrenia symptoms

Answer 32

- inducing convulsions/seizures by administration of Metrazol - half recovered

Question 33

ECT

Answer 33

- electroconvulsive therapy - first done by Ugo Cerletti, after animal studies to determine lethal shock levels, 80-100 volts - used to cause broken limbs/cracked vertebrae

Question 34

curare

Answer 34

- poison from south american vine that when applied in small doses could relax the limbs of patients - later replaced with succunylcholine

Question 35

agonist vs antagonist

Answer 35

- agonist: facilitates production of acetylcholine - antagonist: inhibits production

Question 36

What was one of the first experiments that used drugs to combat anxiety

Answer 36

- drugs given to soldiers to calm them before surgery - drug: chlorpromazine

Question 37

psychological approaches of understanding mental illness

Answer 37

- hypnotism - behaviourism

Question 38

Anton Mesmer

Answer 38

- hysteria (aka conversion disorder) - thought it was due to disturbed distribution of magnetic fluid - treatment: touched by mesmer with rods that transmitted magnetic force that rearranges fluids and cures disorder - paved way for hypnotism

Question 39

cathartic method

Answer 39

- using hypnosis to allow patients to relive past events thought to have caused hysteria in order to exhaust the emotional problems that resulted from it

Question 40

What did watson claim about problematic functuioning

Answer 40

that it resulted from unfortunate conditioning experiencesn

Question 41

lobotomy

Answer 41

- surgical removal or disconnection of the frontal lobe

Question 42

EBP

Answer 42

- evidence based practice - reduces liability and increases accountability - using evidence from research and other means to get best possible diagnoses???/÷?