chapter 2

Question 1

general aims for theories about mental disorders

Answer 1

• explain etiology (cause/origin) of behaviour
• identify factors that maintain behaviour
• predict course of disorder
• design effective treatments

Question 2

primary proposed causes of mental disorders

Answer 2

• biological
• psychodynamic (freud)
• behavioural/cognitive-behavioural
• cognitive (dysfunctional thoughts/beliefs)
• socio-cultural influences
• humanistic/existential (interpersonal process)

Question 3

when you only attribute the cause to one thing

Answer 3

reductionism

Question 4

RDoC

Answer 4

• research domain criteria
• integrates info to understand mental illness

Question 5

glial

Answer 5

• non neuronal cells

Question 6

how many neurons does the human brain have

Answer 6

86 billion approx.

Question 7

the ____ directs functioning of the autonomic nervous system and it controls _______

Answer 7

hindbrain, (digestion, breathing, and cardiovascular function)

Question 8

The ______ is the centre of the reticular activating system and controls arousal levels

Answer 8

• midbrain (aka sleep-wake centre)

Question 9

What does the forebrain control

Answer 9

• speech
• perception
• memory
• learning
• planning

Question 10

recent theories about brain causes of psychopathology result more from _______ than to actual neural damage

Answer 10

neurotransmitters

Question 11

neurotransmitters

Answer 11

• chemical substances that carry messages from one neuron to another

Question 12

t or f: nerve cells in the brain are connected

Answer 12

false

Question 13

major neurotransmitters in research

Answer 13

• serotonin
• dopamine
• norepinephrine
• gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Question 14

how can psychopathology result from neurotransmitter systems?

Answer 14

• too much/too little neurotransmitters released into synapses
• too many/too few receptors on dendrites
• excess/deficit in amount of transmitter-deactivating substance in synapses
• too slow/fast re uptake process

Question 15

brain plasticity

Answer 15

• capacity of the brain to reorganize its circuitry

Question 16

what are the parts that make up the peripheral nervous system

Answer 16

• autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
• somatic nervous system (controls muscles)

Question 17

rest and digest is the ______ nervous system and fight or flight is the _______ nervous system

Answer 17

parasympathetic, sympathetic

Question 18

HPA

Answer 18

• hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
• activated in response to stressors
• communication between hypothalamus, pituitary glad, and adrenal cortex
• releases cortisol into bloodstream

Question 19

concordant people

Answer 19

• when one person has a mental illness and the other is monitored and also shows the same illness

Question 20

genetic linkage studies

Answer 20

• when illness is very present in families, researchers look for common genes that may be contributors

Question 21

psychodynamic theories

Answer 21

• claim unconscious forces control behaviour

Question 22

according to freud, what are the four features that together determine behaviour and thinking

Answer 22

• levels of consciousness
• structures of personality
• stages of psychosexual development
• defence mechanisms

Question 23

levels of consciousness

Answer 23

• conscious (aware)
• preconscious (not in awareness but can readily be brought into awareness)
• unconscious (majority of memories/drives, difficult to raise to awareness)

Question 24

structures of personality

Answer 24

• Id: instinctual drives, pleasure principal, no concern for consequences, instant gratification
• Ego: curbs the id, avoid pain/discomfort, no right or wrong, maximize unpunished pleasure, reality principal
• Superego: moral standards, moral principal, monitors the ego

Question 25

psychosexual stages

Answer 25

- oral (birth-18 months) - anal (18 months-3y/o) - phallic (3-6y/o) - latency (6-12y/o) - genital (adolescence-death)

Question 26

Defence mechanisms

Answer 26

- repression - regression - projection - intellectualization - denial - displacement - reaction formation - sublimation

Question 27

oedipal/electra complex

Answer 27

- occurs in phallic stage - boys in love with their mom and jealous of their dad - girls in love with their dad and jealous of their mom

Question 28

castration anxiety

Answer 28

- fear boys have that their dad will mutilate their genitals to prevent them from involvement with their mom

Question 29

early maladaptive schemas

Answer 29

- disconnection and rejection - impaired autonomy and performance - impaired limits - excessive responsibility and standards - unclassified schemas

Question 30

social learning theory

Answer 30

- emphasizes role social context plays in learning - learning occurs through observation of others not personal experience - information from books, movies, tv included

Question 31

CBT

Answer 31

- cognitive behavioural therapy - challenges thoughts and behaviours - thinking and behaviour are learned and can be changed

Question 32

REBT

Answer 32

- Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy - emphasizes irrational beliefs leading to negative emotions/behaviours - ABC model to explain life event, beliefs, and consequences - irrational beliefs contributing to emotional disturbance

Question 33

ABC model

Answer 33

- Activating event - Beliefs - Consequences

Question 34

Beck's cognitive model

Answer 34

- emotions and behaviour are influences by cog appraisals of events - three main levels of cognition: schemas, info processing, and automatic thoughts - EMS originate from aversive childhood experiences influencing thought, feelings and relationships

Question 35

EMS

Answer 35

- early maladaptive schemas

Question 36

Four major forms of mindfulness based interventions

Answer 36

- MBSR (mindfulness based stress reduction) - MBCT (Mindfulness based cognitive therapy) - DBT (Dialectical behaviour therapy) - ACT (Acceptance and commitment therapy)

Question 37

Who thought of the person centred theory of personality and what did it entail

Answer 37

- Carl Rogers - self-fulfillment is achieved self acceptance, honesty, and trust - distressing life events distort people's perception of experience

Question 38

Who believed that people are good and behave dysfunctionally as a result of experience that diverts from path of self actualization

Answer 38

Maslow

Question 39

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs bottom to top

Answer 39

- psychological needs - safety needs - belongingness needs - esteem needs - self-actualization need

Question 40

self-stigma vs public stigma

Answer 40

- public: society's perception that seeking treatment is undesirable/unacceptable - self: reduction of individual's self esteem due to self labeling as unacceptable

Question 41

system's theory

Answer 41

- whole is more than sum of its parts - causation=combined effect of many factors - same end result can come from many possible causes

Question 42

t or f: Maslow believed that the individual is responsible for their dysfunction and it is in their control

Answer 42

true

Question 44

Diathesis stress perspective

Answer 44

- mental disorders are cause by a predisposition to developing a disorder interacting with experiences of stress - may be bio or psychological

Question 45

biopsychosocial model

Answer 45

- disorders result from interaction of bio, psychological, and social factors - reciprocal relationship