Chapter 1

Question 1

study of the matter and movement of God’s physical creation

Answer 1

Science

Question 2

orderly process by which scientists investigate the secrets of nature

Answer 2

Scien­tific method

Question 3

tentative explanation

Answer 3

Hypothesis

Question 3

scientist deliberately makes certain changes in the world around him and observes the consequences

Answer 3

Experi­ment

Question 4

hypothesis can be proven false if one or more of its predictions are false.

Answer 4

Falsifiable

Question 4

scientist will obtain consistent results if he performs the same experi­ment many times, keeping all factors as similar as possible between experiments

Answer 4

Repeatability

Question 4

ability of other scientists to reach the same conclusion by perform­ing the same experiment under different conditions and by performing other experiments to test the same hypothesis

Answer 4

Reproducibility

Question 5

factor that is observed or measured to determine the results of an experiment

Answer 5

Dependent variable

Question 5

factor that is changed to test the hypothesis (there should only ever be one)

Answer 5

Independent variable

Question 6

factors that are the same in all groups

Answer 6

Controlled variables

Question 7

groups in an experiment on which a test is performed

Answer 7

Experimental groups

Question 8

group in which the independent variable is absent

Answer 8

Control group

Question 8

set of conclusions supported by scientific hypotheses and repeated experimentation that describes why a law works

Answer 8

Theory

Question 9

statement, grounded in a theory, of what should naturally occur under a given set of conditions

Answer 9

Scientific laws

Question 10

principle stating that events observed in the universe have rational causes and that the same cause will always have the same effect because the universe is rational

Answer 10

Principle of causality

Question 11

study of motion and forces

Answer 11

Mechanics

Question 11

limited to the study of matter and energy in the present

Answer 11

The scope of science

Question 12

human nature often leads one to see and believe what he wants to be true, not necessarily what is actually true

Answer 12

Bias

Question 13

study of reason­ing, is essential for any scientist

Answer 13

Logic

Question 14

conclusion based on reasoning from evidence

Answer 14

Inference

Question 14

reasoning from evi­dence to a more specific conclusion; used to combine known facts and discover a new fact that is their logical consequence

Answer 14

Deductive reasoning

Question 15

statement of fact

Answer 15

Proposition

Question 16

We can make a third form of inference if we know the consequent to be false; the antecedent must also be false.

Answer 16

Denying the consequent

Question 17

we know that the antecedent is true. In this case, the consequent must also be true

Answer 17

Affirming the antece­dent

Question 17

has two parts: a condition or antecedent and the conclusion

Answer 17

Hypothetical proposi­tion

Question 18

reasoning from specific evidence to a more general conclusion

Answer 18

Inductive reasoning

Question 19

two situations are the same except for one factor; this factor is present in one situation but not in the other

Answer 19

Method of difference

Question 20

method of inductive reasoning that involves drawing a conclusion based on the fact that changing one factor changes another factor in a predictable way

Answer 20

Method of concomi­tant variation

Question 21

describes an inference that logically follows from the premise of the argument

Answer 21

Valid

Question 22

proposition in which the conclusion was based

Answer 22

Premise

Question 23

any error in reasoning

Answer 23

Fallacy

Question 24

fallacy of trying to make an inference based on the fact that the antecedent is false

Answer 24

Denying the antecedent

Question 25

fallacy of trying to make an inference based on the fact that the consequent is true

Answer 25

Affirm­ing the consequent

Question 26

conclusion does logically follow from its premises; but one of the premises includes the assumption that the conclusion is true

Answer 26

Circular reasoning

Question 27

fallacy of inductive reasoning in which someone assumes that a change in one factor caused a change in another factor, just because the second change occurred after the first.

Answer 27

Post Hoc fallacy

Question 28

occurs when a term is misleadingly used with two different meanings in a single argument (typically intentional)

Answer 28

Equivocation

Question 29

occurs when someone attacks the person making an argument instead of challenging the person’s facts, premises, or reasoning

Answer 29

Ad hominem fallacy

Question 30

the opposite of an ad hominem fallacy. In this fallacy, an argument is based on the support of someone considered an authority instead of being based on facts and sound reason

Answer 30

Argument from authority