Test over chapters 13-14

Question 1

organized study of the composition and interactions of matter

Answer 1

Chemistry

Question 2

foundation for understanding matter

Answer 2

Atomic theory of matter

Question 3

tiny particles that compose all matter

Answer 3

Atom

Question 4

developed the atomic theory

Answer 4

John Dalton

Question 5

substance composed of a single type of atom

Answer 5

Element

Question 6

substance composed of atoms of two or more elements bonded together

Answer 6

Compound

Question 7

substance that is composed of several pure substances that are physically mixed but not chemically united

Answer 7

Mixture

Question 8

any of the smaller particles of matter of which atoms are composed

Answer 8

Subatomic particle

Question 9

dense central core of an atom made of protons and neutrons

Answer 9

Nucleus

Question 10

number of protons in the nucleus of the atom

Answer 10

Atomic Number

Question 11

subatomic particle that carries a positive charge and determines the identity of an atom

Answer 11

Proton

Question 12

subatomic particle that is electrically neutral with no electric charge

Answer 12

Neutron

Question 13

any of a group of elements that are the same element but have different numbers of neutrons

Answer 13

Isotope

Question 14

small particles that compose protons and neutrons

Answer 14

Quarks

Question 15

found outside the nucleus and carries a negative electric charge equal in strength to the positive charge of a proton

Answer 15

Electron

Question 16

unique abbreviation given to each element

Answer 16

Chemical Symbol

Question 17

can hold only a certain number of electrons; shells farther from the nucleus can hold more electrons than the innermost shells can hold

Answer 17

Electron Shell

Question 18

atom that has an electric charge because of losing or gaining electrons

Answer 18

Ion

Question 19

negative ions

Answer 19

Anions

Question 20

positive Ions

Answer 20

Cations

Question 21

a unit used to measure the masses of atoms

Answer 21

Atomic mass unit

Question 22

states that tiny particles do not absorb or release energy in a smooth flow

Answer 22

Quantum Theory

Question 23

atomic model that describes electrons as waves around the nucleus

Answer 23

Wave-mechanical model

Question 24

the most familiar model of the atom, pictures the nucleus surrounded by electrons that move in circular orbits at specified energy levels

Answer 24

Bohr model

Question 25

model of the atom that interprets the mathematical equations of the wave-mechanical model representing the probability of finding an electron at a given point

Answer 25

Electron cloud model

Question 26

region within an atom in which the electrons move

Answer 26

Orbital

Question 27

the principle stating that is is impossible to measure both the position and velocity of an electron with certainty

Answer 27

Heisenberg uncertainty principle

Question 28

says no two electrons can have the same four quantum numbers

Answer 28

Pauli exclusion principle

Question 29

set of numbers that mathematically represents the overall motion of an electron

Answer 29

Quantum Numbers

Question 30

what type of decay occurs during the breakup of an atomic nucleus from a higher-energy state to lower-energy state which emits radiation

Answer 30

Radioactive decay

Question 31

type of decay that occurs when an unstable atom ejects a clump of two protons and two neutrons to reach a more stable state

Answer 31

Alpha decay

Question 32

length of time required for one-half of the original substance to decay into a new substance

Answer 32

Half-life

Question 33

what type of decay occurs when a neutron in an atom’s nucleus changes into a proton, emitting an electron

Answer 33

Beta decay

Question 33

radioactive decay that occurs when an excited nucleus releases energy without a change in the number of protons or neutrons

Answer 33

Gamma decay

Question 34

the process by which a heavy nucleus is split into several pieces by bombarding it with neutrons

Answer 34

Nuclear Fission

Question 34

the minimum amount of fissionable material that must be present for a chain reaction to occur

Answer 34

Critical Mass

Question 35

free neutrons are released by nuclear fission and causes other atoms to undergo nuclear fission and release more neutrons

Answer 35

Chain reaction

Question 36

device that initiates an uncontrolled chain reaction

Answer 36

Atomic bomb

Question 37

device that harnesses controlled fission to produce useful energy

Answer 37

Nuclear reactor

Question 38

any substance that is unstable and thus likely to produce radiation

Answer 38

Radioactive

Question 39

any electrons in the valence shell

Answer 39

Valence electrons

Question 40

length of time required for one-half of the original substance to decay into a new substance

Answer 40

Half-life

Question 41

rule stating that most atoms tend to react to obtain eight electrons in their valence shell

Answer 41

Octet rule

Question 42

law that states that elements show regular and repeating, or periodic, properties when they are arranged by their increasing atomic numbers

Answer 42

Periodic law

Question 43

a table of the elements arranged by atomic number and number of valence electrons

Answer 43

Periodic table of the elements

Question 44

rows of the periodic table

Answer 44

Period

Question 45

any of the group of elements that are typically hard, dense, shiny solids; good conductors of heat and electricity

Answer 45

Metals

Question 46

column on the periodic table

Answer 46

Group

Question 47

any of the elements in groups 1, 2, and 13-18

Answer 47

Main-group elements

Question 47

any of the group of elements that are typically poor conductors of electricity and heat

Answer 47

Non-Metals

Question 48

any of the solid elements that have properties intermediate between metals and nonmetals

Answer 48

Semimetal

Question 49

any element in group 1 of the periodic table

Answer 49

Alkali metal

Question 50

any element that is in group 2 of the periodic table

Answer 50

Alkaline earth metals

Question 51

basic constituent of all living things, second most abundant element in the human body

Answer 51

Carbon

Question 52

any element that is in groups 3-12 of the periodic table

Answer 52

Transition metals

Question 53

any of the metals that lie beneath the main body of the periodic table

Answer 53

Inner transition metals

Question 54

basic constituent of all living things, most abundant element on the human body

Answer 54

Oxygen

Question 55

any element that is in group 18 of the periodic table

Answer 55

Noble gas

Question 56

groups of two or more atoms linked by chemical bonds to form distinct units

Answer 56

Molecules

Question 57

the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in the molecule

Answer 57

Molecular mass

Question 58

molecules with the same number and types of atoms but different arrangements of atoms

Answer 58

Isomers

Question 59

substance that has the same physical properties throughout and consists of only one type of atom, one type of molecule, or one nonmolecular compound

Answer 59

Pure substance

Question 60

substance that has the same physical properties throughout

Answer 60

Homogeneous

Question 61

homogeneous mixture that exists because of attraction between atoms, molecules, and ions

Answer 61

Solution

Question 62

dissolved substances, like salt or sugar

Answer 62

Solutes

Question 63

the substance into which the solutes dissolve, like water or alcohol

Answer 63

Solvent

Question 64

molecules of the mixed substances are not completely mixed

Answer 64

Heterogeneous

Question 65

mixture containing tiny suspended clumps or particles

Answer 65

Colloid

Question 66

the appearance of a blue-tinged milky or cloudy effect within a colloid when a light shines through it

Answer 66

Tyndall effect

Question 67

heterogeneous mixture whose particles are large enough that they will settle

Answer 67

Suspension

Question 68

chemical bond resulting from the sharing of valence electrons between atoms

Answer 68

Covalent bond

Question 69

attractive forces that links atoms to form molecules and compounds

Answer 69

Chemical bonds

Question 70

a covalent bond involving the sharing of a single pair of electrons

Answer 70

Single bond

Question 71

a covalent bond formed by the sharing of two pairs of electrons

Answer 71

Double bond

Question 72

a covalent bond in which three pairs of electrons are shared

Answer 72

Triple bond

Question 73

diagram showing the locations of all the atoms and valence electrons in a molecule or ion

Answer 73

Lewis Structure

Question 74

instead of being shared by just two oxygen atoms as part of a regular single bond or double bond

Answer 74

Delocalized

Question 75

total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

Answer 75

Mass Number

Question 76

What happens to the net charge in gamma decay?

Answer 76

stays the same

Question 77

What happens to the net charge in beta decay?

Answer 77

+1

Question 78

meaning “salt former” is any element in group 17

Answer 78

Halogen

Question 79

What happens to the net chage in alpha decay?

Answer 79

-2

Question 80

nuclear reactor that recycles spent nuclear fuel to produce more than it uses

Answer 80

Breeder Reactors

Question 81

How many atoms are in valence electrons?

Answer 81

+8