Bio 101 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define science

A

The systematic study of the natural world using observation and experiments to understand and explain phenomena

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2
Q

Define biology

A

the study of
life, and so far, life is
restricted to planet Earth

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3
Q

What are the steps of the Scientific Method?

A

observation, question, research, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion

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4
Q

What makes a good hypothesis?

A
  • Testable
    • One question per hypothesis
    • Supernatural and religious explanations are outside the bounds of science
  • Falsifiable
    • Experimental results can disprove it
    • Reject hypotheses that are inconsistent with experimental data
    • Cannot be proven 100% true, so needs to be able to be proven false
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5
Q

Define theory

A
  • Experiments can lead to theories
  • Basis of all scientific knowledge
  • Broader in scope than hypotheses
  • General enough to lead to many new, testable hypotheses
  • Supported by a large body of evidence in comparison to a hypothesis
    • Examples of theories:
      • Modern Atomic Theory
      • The Theory of Gravity
      • The Big Bang Theory
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6
Q

Define experiment

A

Scientific test, carried out under controlled conditions
- Includes materials and methods & results
- Make sure experiment is designed correctly so another scientist could come in and repeat your work
- Tests the prediction
- Collect data
- Analyze data

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7
Q

Define data

A

Recorded observations

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8
Q

Define qualitative vs quantitative data

A

Qualitative data: often take the
form of recorded descriptions
Quantitative data: expressed
as numerical measurement,
organized into tables and graphs

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9
Q

For a controlled experiment, differentiate between the variables and groups

A

In a controlled experiment, an experimental group is compared with a control group

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10
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

The one that is manipulated by the researchers

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11
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

The event that is measured or observed
Dependent on independent variable

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12
Q

What is an experimental group?

A

Treated with the independent variable, can vary (ie 10 mL of caffeine vs 20 mL of caffeine)

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13
Q

What is a control group?

A

Not treated with independent variable

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14
Q

What are the seven properties of life?

A

Order, sensitivity, reproduction, evolutionary adaptation, growth and development, regulation, and energy processing

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15
Q

Define animation

A

Signs of life

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16
Q

Define order

A

Living organisms are highly organized and are composed of one or more cells
- One or more cells to be alive
- All cells are gonna have DNA & RNA
- Cytoplasm

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17
Q

Define sensitivity

A

Organisms respond to diverse stimuli
- Ex: light or touch

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18
Q

Define reproduction

A

Organisms reproduce their own kind by passing on their genetic material

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19
Q

Define evolutionary adaptation

A

Organisms evolve and change over time and have inherited adaptive traits that enhance their ability to survive and reproduce

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20
Q

Define growth and development

A

Organisms grow and develop according to specific instructions coded by their genes
- Gene: packed of DNA that codes for a specific trait

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21
Q

Define regulation

A

Organisms require complex and multuple regulatory mechanisms to maintain a stable internal environment - homeostasis
- Homeostasis - a stable internal environment
- Ie: shivering, sweating

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22
Q

Define energy processing

A

All organisms use a source of energy for metabolic activities
- Some capture energy from the sun, some consume energy from other organisms

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23
Q

What is an atom?

A

Basic building block of matter
- Made of protons, electrons and neutrons
- Nucleus made up of protons and neutrons, electrons float around

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24
Q

What is a molecule?

A

Two or more covalently bonded atoms
- Ex: water, glucose, nucleotide

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25
What is an organelle?
Small structures that exist within cells that carry out a specific function - Ex: chloroplast, mitochondria
26
What is a cell?
The smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required for life
27
What is an organism?
Individual living thing
28
Give an example of each level of life's hierarchy
Atom – Carbon atom (C) Molecule – Water (H₂O) Organelle – Mitochondrion Cell – Muscle cell Tissue – Cardiac muscle tissue Organ – Heart Organ System – Circulatory system Organism – Human being Population – A group of humans in New York City Community – Humans, dogs, trees, and birds living in Central Park Ecosystem – Central Park (all living organisms plus nonliving factors like soil, water, and climate) Biosphere – Earth
29
What are the levels of life's hierarchy?
Atom – the basic unit of matter Molecule – atoms bonded together Organelle – specialized structures within cells Cell – the basic unit of life Tissue – groups of similar cells working together Organ – structures made of tissues performing specific functions Organ System – groups of organs working together Organism – an individual living thing Population – members of one species in an area Community – all living organisms in an area Ecosystem – living organisms plus their physical environment Biosphere – all ecosystems on Earth
30
What are the four Macromolecules?
1. Carbohydrates (Starch) 2. Lipids (Triglycerides) 3. Proteins (Gluten) 4. Nucleic Acids (DNA)
31
What are the two types of cells?
Prokaryotic cells * Example: bacteria Eukaryotic cells * Example: nerve cell
32
What is a Prokaryotic cell?
A simple, single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
33
What is a Eukaryotic cell?
Any cell that has a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
34
What is a tissue?
Cells interconnected to perform a specific function
35
What are the four types of tissues found in the human body?
- Nervous Tissue - Muscle Tissue - Connective Tissue - Epithelial Tissue
36
What are the functions of each type of tissues in the human body?
- Nervous Tissue – sends and receives stimuli - Muscle Tissue - movement - Connective Tissue – support and protection - Epithelial Tissue - covers body surfaces and lines organs
37
Define population
All organisms of a single species
38
Define community
An array of organisms (biotic)
39
Define ecosystem
Specific area where a community is located (abiotic)
40
Define biosphere
All ecosystems on Earth that support life
41
Define abiotic
Non-living
42
Define biotic
Living
43
Define the types of energy acquisition and flow terms
Autotrophs (basically means self feeder) - An organism who synthesizes its own food from smaller inorganic molecules - Produce their own food - Photo - sun - Chemo - inorganic molecules Heterotrophs - An organism that consumes other organisms for food - Parasites - Carnivores, omnivores, herbivores Saprotroph - Type of heterotroph - An organism that feeds on decaying organic matter - Does not usually refer to an animal - Usually fungi or bacteria
44
What is an Autotroph?
An organism who synthesizes its own food from smaller inorganic molecules - Produce their own food - Photo - sun - Chemo - inorganic molecules
45
What is a Heterotroph?
An organism that consumes other organisms for food - Parasites - Carnivores, omnivores, herbivores
46
What is a Saprotroph?
An organism that feeds on decaying organic matter - Does not usually refer to an animal - Usually fungi or bacteria - Type of heterotroph
47
Define taxonomy
The science of classification and nomenclature
48
Define phylogenic system
A method of classifying organisms based on their evolutionary relationships and common ancestry
49
Define scientific name
Two-parted name that is unique to each kind of organism, used preferably over common names
50
What are the five kingdoms?
Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia
51
Define evolution
- Change over time (can be shown with math) - Genetic changes in a population over generations
52
Who was Charles Darwin?
the first to publish the Theory of Natural Selection
53
What book did Charles Darwin write?
In 1859, *Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection* was published – The book proposed a mechanism for evolution called natural selection
54
What are the four postulates for evolution by natural selection?
Variation – Individuals within a population vary in their traits (e.g., size, color, speed). Inheritance – Some of these trait differences are heritable and can be passed to offspring. Overproduction / Competition – More offspring are produced than can survive, creating competition for limited resources. Differential Survival and Reproduction – Individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those traits on
55
Define adaptation
Inherited traits that enhance an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce
56
Define observation
Use of senses (from nature or journal article)
57
Question
observation turned into a question
58
Conclusion
Accept or reject hypothesis, may lead to further questions and experimentation
59
What is the Scientific Method?
A method of research w/ defined steps that include experiments and careful observations, it validates science
60
Define theory
Explains why or how it happens
61
Scientific Law
Describes what happens
62
Natural Selection
* One proposed mechanism for evolution * A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than do other individuals because of those traits * Adaptation driven (not random)
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