Bio 101 > Chapters 2 & 3 > Flashcards

Chapters 2 & 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define matter

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass

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2
Q

What are the three states of matter?

A

Solid, liquid, gas

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3
Q

Define solid

A

Has a defined shape and volume, particles are packed very close together fixed in an ordered arrangement

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4
Q

Define liquid

A

Has a defined volume but lacks a defined shape, particles are not packed as close together, allowing them to slide against each other

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5
Q

What are states of matter?

A

The ways in which matter can interact with itself

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6
Q

Define gas

A

Lacks either a defined shape or volume, particles are widely separated

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7
Q

What is mass?

A

The quantity of matter in a given object

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8
Q

What is volume?

A

The amount of space an object occupies

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9
Q

What is the standard metric unit for mass?

A

Grams

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10
Q

What is the standard metric unit for volume?

A

Liters

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11
Q

Define element

A

A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions

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12
Q

What are the four essential elements?

A

Carbon - C
Oxygen - O
Hydrogen - H
Nitrogen - N

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13
Q

What are essential elements?

A

Fundamental components required for an organism’s survival and proper functioning

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14
Q

What is a macronutrient?

A

An essential nutrient that the body requires in large quantities to function properly

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15
Q

What are the three main macronutrients?

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

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16
Q

What is a trace element?

A

Elements required by an organism in only minute quantities
ex: iron, iodine

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17
Q

What is a compound?

A

A substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio
- has different characteristics from those of its individual elements

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18
Q

What is an atom?

A

The smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element

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19
Q

What are the two regions in an atom?

A

The nucleus and the outermost region

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20
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

The center of the atom - contains protons and neutrons

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21
Q

What is the outermost region?

A

Holds electrons in orbit around the nucleus

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22
Q

What are subatomic particles?

A

Components that make up an atom

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23
Q

What is a neutron and what is its charge?

A

A subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom
- No charge

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24
Q

What is a proton and what is its charge?

A

A subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom
- Positive charge

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25
What is an electron and what is its charge?
A subatomic particle found in the outermost region of an atom - Negative charge
26
Where on the periodic table is atomic number located?
Above the element's symbol
27
What is atomic number?
The number of protons in the atom's nucleus of a particular element
28
Where on the periodic table is atomic mass located?
Below the element's symbol
29
What is atomic mass?
Weighted average mass of all isotopes of a particular element
30
What is mass number?
Protons + neutrons of a specific atom
31
What is an isotope?
Two atoms of an element that differ in number of neutrons
32
What is an electron shell?
Energy level representing the distance an electron is from the nucleus - represented as rings around an atom's nucleus - each shell can hold a specific number of electrons
33
How many electrons can the first shell hold?
Two
34
How many electrons can the second shell hold?
Eight
35
How many electrons can the third shell hold?
Eight
36
What is a valence shell?
The outermost electron shell of an atom
37
Do atoms with full valence shells bond?
No - noble gases
38
What is an ionic bond?
An attraction between an anion and a cation
39
What is a covalent bond?
When atoms share outer-shell electrons - aka electrons are shared
40
What is an ion?
A charged atom (or molecule)
41
What is a cation?
A positively charged ion
42
What is an anion?
A negatively charged ion
43
What is an ionic compound?
When metals lose electrons and nonmetals gain electrons to achieve an octet - Compounds formed by an ionic bond - Some are also called salts
44
What is a molecule?
Formed when atoms are held together by covalent bonds
45
Define valence
How many electrons an atom can lose, gain, or share when forming bonds
46
What is a salt?
An ionic compound formed from an acid reacting with a base - ex: NaCl, or table salt
47
What is a chemical reaction?
Changes in distribution of electrons between atoms leading to the making and breaking of chemical bonds changing the composition of matter
48
Define reactants
Substances used at the beginning of a reaction
49
Define products
Substances formed at the end of the reaction
50
What is a single bond?
The sharing of one pair of valence electrons
51
What is a double bond?
The sharing of two pairs of valence electrons
52
What is a covalent compound?
Created when two different types of elements bond and share electrons
53
What is electronegativity?
An atom's attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond - the more electronegative an atom is, the more strongly it pulls shared electrons toward itself
54
What is a nonpolar covalent bond?
When electrons are shared equally between atoms of the same electronegativity - usually molecules of the same element, ex: O₂, Cl₂
55
What is a polar covalent bond?
When one atom is more electronegative, and the atoms do not share electrons equally
56
What are polar molecules?
Molecules with an unequal sharing of electrons that causes a partial positive or negative charge for each atom or molecule
57
What is a hydrogen bond?
Polar molecules are electrically attracted to oppositely charged regions on neighboring polar molecules
58
What kind of bond is the weakest?
Hydrogen bonds
59
What is the molecule that supports all of life?
H₂O - only common substance to exist in the natural environment in all three physical states of matter
60
What are the six life-supporting properties of water?
Polarity Cohesion Adhesion Temperature of water Density Solvent properties
61
What is cohesion?
The tendency for molecules to stick together, allows for surface tension - much stronger for water than other liquids - hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together
62
What is surface tension?
A measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid
63
What is adhesion?
An attraction between water molecules and other molecules - think of it is ANDhesion, water AND something else
64
What is moderation of temperature by water?
It heats up slower and cools down slower, meaning ocean temps and body temps can be more stable - takes longer because it has to make and break hydrogen bonds
65
What is unique about the density of ice?
- Ice is less dense than water, due to the ordered hydrogen bonds in ice. - When ice freezes, each molecule forms a stable hydrogen bond with four neighbors, creating a three dimensional crystal, and space between the molecules. - This allows for ice to float on water, protecting the animals in bodies of water when the surface freezes over (otherwise the ice would crush everything underneath)
66
What is the polarity of water?
Polar, with a partial negative charge on the oxygen atom and partial positive charges on the hydrogen atoms
67
What are acids?
Solutions with high hydronium (H+) ions, below 7 on the pH scale
68
What are bases?
Solutions with high hydroxide (OH-) ions, above 7 on the pH scale
69
What is neutral on the pH scale?
7 on the pH scale, when a solution has an equal number of OH- and H+ ions
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