Bio 101 > Lab Practical 1 > Flashcards

Lab Practical 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Length

A

The measurement of a line from one point to another
* Unit: meter
* Apparatus: Metric Ruler or Meter Stick

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2
Q

Volume

A

The amount of space an object occupies
* Unit: liter
* Apparatus: beaker, graduated cylinders, Erlenmeyer flask

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3
Q

Mass

A

The quantity of matter in a given object
* Unit: gram
* Apparatus: Electronic Balance or Scale

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4
Q

Temperature

A

The degree of how hot/cold an object is
* Unit: degrees Celsius
* Apparatus: Thermometer

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5
Q

Meniscus

A

The curve of the liquid in the
container

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6
Q

Archimedes’ Theory of Displacement

A

An object will displace a volume of water equal to its own

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7
Q

Steps of the Scientific Method

A
  1. Observation
  2. Question
  3. Hypothesis
  4. Prediction
  5. Experiment
  6. Conclusion
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8
Q

Observation

A

Qualitative data - use of senses (from nature or journal article)

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9
Q

Question

A

Observation turned into a question

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10
Q

Hypothesis

A

Tentative answer to the question, based on reasoning

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11
Q

Prediction

A

Assume the hypothesis is correct and make a prediction about the outcome of a test
- Usually in the form of “if…then” statement

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12
Q

Experiment

A

Tests the prediction, must be repeatable

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13
Q

Conclusion

A

Use results to evaluate hypothesis, accept or reject hypothesis

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14
Q

Independent variable

A

Treatment or condition that is manipulated by experimenter

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15
Q

Dependent variable

A

Event that is measured or observed

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16
Q

Control variables

A

All factors that are kept constant

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17
Q

Experimental group

A

Treated with the independent variable

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18
Q

Control group

A

Not treated with the independent variable

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19
Q

Primary Literature Resources

A

Original research articles published in academic journals
- Provides detailed description of an individual experiment
- Provides references to other similar experiments
- The latest findings in specific area of research
Limitations:
- Narrow in focus
- Difficult to read; requires level of expertise in specific area

ex: peer-reviewed scientific journal article

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20
Q

Secondary Literature Resources

A

Review articles in academic journals, popular press articles, books
*know that popular press articles are secondary resources
- Not direct sources, not written by the scientists involved in experiment
- Provides a summary of scientific findings written for the general public
Limitations:
- Lack detailed description of individual experiments
- Validity: all popular press articles must be carefully evaluated
- Not always written by experts in the field

ex: magazines, newspapers, review articles in academic journals, books

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21
Q

Reference Materials

A

Provide overview of topic, important facts, and background information
- Written in language that is easily understood
- Good starting point for scientific research and research papers
Limitations of reference materials
- Lack detail

Examples:
- Almanacs
- Dictionaries
- Directories
- Encyclopedia
- Textbooks

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22
Q

Light microscopes

A
  • Color Image
  • Living or Non living specimen
  • 40x - 1000x Magnification
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23
Q

Compound Light Microscope

A

Thin sections or specimen-light has to be able to pass through to see inside the organism
- Uses 2 lenses at a time (“Compound”)

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24
Q

Stereo Dissecting Microscope

A

Light shines down on specimen to view outer surface detail

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25
Electron Microscopes
- Black & White images - Only Non living specimen - 350,000x Magnification - Specimens coated in heavy metal
26
Transmission Electron Microscope
Thin sections of specimen
27
Scanning Electron Microscope
3D surface details
28
Scanning Objective Lens
Red Objective lens magnification: 4 Total magnification: 40x
29
Low Objective Lens
Yellow Objective lens magnification: 10 Total magnification: 100x
30
High Dry Objective Lens
Blue Objective lens magnification: 40 Total magnification: 400x
31
Magnification
The amount an image is enlarged
32
Resolution
The extent to which image detail is preserved
33
Contrast
The ability of an image to stand out against its background
34
Parfocal
When you change lenses (to a higher or lower power) the image will always remain in focus
35
Parcentral
When you switch objectives lenses the image will stay in the center of your field of view
36
Dehydration synthesis
Larger macromolecules are formed from smaller molecules by removing water
37
Hydrolysis
Large macromolecules are broken down by adding water to form smaller molecules
38
Carbohydrates
Used as an energy source, energy storage form, or structural source
39
Monomer of carbohydrates
Saccharide or monosaccharide ex: glucose
40
Polymer of carbohydrates
Polysaccharide ex: starch
41
Benedict's Test
Test for monosaccharides and disaccharides (glucose) Negative: blue Positive: red
42
Lugol's Iodine
Test for polysaccharides (starch) Negative: orange/brown Positive: blue/black
43
Lipids
Commonly used as energy storage or as a component in cellular membranes Can be saturated or unsaturated Non-polar ex: oil, fat, wax
44
Monomer of lipids
Glycerol and fatty acids
45
Polymer of lipids
No name, example: triglycerides
46
Hydrophilic
Can be mixed or dissolved in water Likes polar molecules (water)
47
Hydrophobic
Repels or fails to mix with water Likes nonpolar molecules (oil)
48
Saturated
Chain of carbon atoms linked together by single bonds Fats that are solid at room temp
49
Unsaturated
Contain carbon-carbon double bonds or triple bonds Fats that are liquid at room temp
50
Sudan IV
Detects lipids Negative: pink Positive: red
51
Proteins
Function as enzymatic catalysts, transport molecules, antibodies and structural support ex: enzymes, hair, fingernails, hemoglobin, albumin
52
Monomer of proteins
Amino acids - Central carbon - Hydrogen atom - Radical group - 2 Functional groups: amino group (NH2) and carboxyl group (COOH)
53
Polymer of proteins
Polypeptide (bonds: peptide bonds)
54
Biuret's Test
Detects protein - albumin Negative: blue Positive: purple
55
Nucleic Acids
DNA and RNA
56
Monomer of nucleic acids
Nucleotide
57
Polymer of nucleic acids
Polynucleotide
58
What four components do all cells have?
1. plasma membrane 2. cytosol 3. ribosomes 4. genetic material (DNA)
59
What are the major differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
1. How genetic material is stored (membrane bound nucleus vs no structure) 2. Presence of membrane bound organelles 3. Size (prokaryotes are smaller)
60
Plasma membrane
BOTH controls what enters/exits the cell (selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer)
61
Nucleus
BOTH contains DNA; maintains genes and controls activities of the cell
62
Cell wall
PLANT ONLY maintains shape and structure, prevents bursting
63
Nucleolus
BOTH sub-organelle of the nucleus, produces ribosomes
64
Ribosome
BOTH produces proteins
65
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
BOTH contains ribosomes, processes and packages proteins
66
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
BOTH no ribosomes, produces and processes lipids
67
Golgi apparatus
BOTH sorts and ships organic molcules
68
Mitochondria
BOTH converts organic materials to energy (ATP)
69
Lysosome
ANIMAL ONLY contains digestive enzymes
70
Fat vacuole
ANIMAL ONLY storage of fat
71
Chloroplast
PLANT ONLY site of photosynthesis
72
Central vacuole
PLANT ONLY storage of water (50-70%) of cell
73
Centriole
ANIMAL ONLY aids in cell division
74
Cytoplasm
BOTH liquid component containing the organelles
75
What organelles are animal specific?
Fat vacuole Lysosome Centrioles
76
What organelles are plant specific?
Chloroplast Central vacuole Cell wall
77
What color is gram positive bacteria?
Purple
78
What color is gram negative bacteria?
Red
79
What shape are cocci?
Round
80
What shape are bacilli?
Rod
81
What shape are spirilla?
Spiral
82
What is diffusion?
Net movement of molecules or atoms from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration
83
What variables affect the rate of diffusion?
Temperature Size Concentration
84
Phenolphthalein
Acid/base indicator Clear: acidic/neutral Pink: basic
85
What is osmosis?
Simple diffusion of water
86
What is equalibrium?
The concentrations of solvent and solute are equal on both sides of the membrane
87
Tonicity
The ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water
88
Hypertonic
Higher solute concentration
89
Hypotonic
Lower solute concentration
90
Isotonic
Equal solute concentration
91
Lysis
Animal cells in hypotonic solution Cells swell, burst
92
Crenation
Animal cells in hypertonic solution Shriveled cells
93
Flaccid
Plant cell in isotonic solution Normal
94
Turgid
Plant cell in hypotonic solution
95
Plasmolysis
Plant cell in hypertonic solution Cytoplasm shrinks from cell wall
Bio 101
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