1
Q
What is health?: “an absence of…” (2)
A
(1) objective signs that the body is not functioning properly, such as measured high blood pressure
(2) subjective symptoms of disease or injury, such as pain or nausea
**THERE ARE ISSUES WITH THIS DEFINITION
2
Q
Aaron Antonovsky introduced the idea of…
A
illness/wellness continuum
3
Q
illness/wellness continuum - end points?
A
Death <-> Optimal Wellness
4
Q
Aaron Antonovsky - proposed that we give more attention to…
A
what enables people to stay well than to what causes people to become ill
5
Q
WHO definition of health
A
“a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”
6
Q
Canadians today vs in the past: 2
Life span? Types of illnesses?
A
- Live longer on average
- Suffer from a different pattern of illnesses
7
Q
During the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries, people in North America mainly suffered and died from two types of illness:
A
dietary and infectious
8
Q
Dietary diseases result from…
A
malnutrition
9
Q
Infectious diseases are/result from…
A
acute illnesses caused by harmful matter or micro-organisms, such as bacteria or viruses, in the body
(continue to be a main cause of death specifically in lower income or developing countries)
10
Q
– Illness patterns in Canadian History –
A
11
Q
Indigenous groups - what happened?
Illness patterns in Canadian History
A
Beothuk of Newfoundland and the Sadlermiut Inuit of Southampton Island in Hudson Bay, were completely eradicated, partly as a result of these diseases
12
Q
Impact on Indigenous Groups - #1
Illness patterns in Canadian History
A
First, the native populations had never been exposed to these new micro-organisms, and thus lacked the natural immunity that our bodies develop after lengthy exposure to most diseases
13
Q
Impact on Indigenous Groups - #2
Illness patterns in Canadian History
A
Second, their immune functions were likely limited by a lower degree of genetic variation
14
Q
Impact on Indigenous Groups - OUTCOME
Illness patterns in Canadian History
A
- Famine, social unrest, and population depletion that had lasting effects on subsequent generations.
- This was made worse by the unhealthy living conditions of many early reserves and settlements on which Indigenous people were forced to live.
- Over time, resistance to disease was lowered further by malnutrition resulting from a loss of traditional food supplies
15
Q
By the end of the nineteenth century, deaths from infectious diseases began to decrease sharply through- out North America - WHY?
Illness patterns in Canadian History
A
- It appears that the decline resulted from preventive measures such as improved personal hygiene, greater resistance to diseases (owing to better nutrition), and public health innovations, such as building water purification and sewage treatment facilities
16
Q
20th century: Following the war, the proportion of deaths due to acute infection
Illness patterns in Canadian History
A
fell dramatically, replaced by increasing deaths from chronic illnesses like heart disease and cancer
17
Q
It is estimated that the average Canadian will spend approximately _ years in good health
Illness patterns in Canadian History
A
- 70 of 80
- People now die at older ages
18
Q
The main health problems and causes of death in Canada and other developed countries today are:
Illness patterns in Canadian History
A
chronic diseases: degenerative illnesses that develop or persist over a long period of time — such as heart disease, cancer, and stroke
19
Q
Chronic diseases are not new, but they were responsible for a much smaller proportion of deaths before the twentieth century. Why? #1
Illness patterns in Canadian History
A
More people are living to the age when they are at high risk for contracting chronic diseases
20
Q
Chronic diseases are not new, but they were responsible for a much smaller proportion of deaths before the twentieth century. Why? #2
Illness patterns in Canadian History
A
- In addition, the growth of industrialization increased exposure to harmful chemicals
- Trends show that chronic diseases are increasing rapidly in low-income or developing nations
21
Q
Are the main causes of death in childhood and adolescence different from those in adulthood?
A
YES
22
Q
– The Renaissance + Later –
A
23
Q
During this time, scholars became more…
The Renaissance + Later
A
“human-centered” than “God-centered”
24
Q
René Descartes (17th century): Regarded the mind and body as…
The Renaissance + Later
A
separate entities, a perspective that came to be known as Cartesian dualism
25
René Descartes (17th century): introduced **three important innovations**
## Footnote
The Renaissance + Later
1) **Conceived of the body as a machine** **(with many corresponding, interdependent parts)** and described the mechanics of how action and sensation occurred.
2) **Proposed that the mind and body,** although separate, **could communicate through the *pineal gland***, an organ in the brain (Leahey, 1987).
3) Believed that **animals have no soul** and **that the soul in humans leaves the body at death**
26
In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, knowledge in science and medicine grew quickly - **3**
## Footnote
The Renaissance + Later
1. Rejected humor theory
2. Surgery emerged with antiseptic techniques and anaesthesia
3. Doctors became more and more trusted by public
27
The biomedical model:
## Footnote
The Renaissance + Later
* Proposes that **all diseases or physical disorders can be explained by disturbances in physiological processes** (e.g. from injury, infections)
* The biomedical model assumes that disease is an affliction of the body and **is separate from the psychological and social processes of the mind**
## Footnote
basically removing the psychological part from "biopsychosocial"
28
-- Psychology + Health --
29
Problems in the Health Care System: **3**
1. Countries worldwide have been facing **escalating costs** in health care
2. **Flawed structure** of the health care system itself (e.g. making things more accessible)
3. **Changing illness patterns** from chronic rather than acute diseases
30
**Characteristics** or conditions that are **associated with the development of a disease or injury are called**:
**risk factors**
* Emphasis on ASSOCIATED - not necessarily the cause
31
Risk factors can be
1. Biological
2. Behavioural
32
Part of today’s high medical costs result from...
* **...people’s lifestyles that contribute to their health problems.**
* **Society**, not the individual, **often bears the burden of medical costs through public and private health insurance programs.**
33
How influential are lifestyle factors in health?
When the researchers compared the data for people in different age groups, they found that at **each age health was typically better as the number of healthy practices increased**
34
“Why don’t people just do what’s good for them?” - **3**
* **Less healthy behaviours often bring immediate pleasure**; long-range negative consequences seem remote
* They may feel **social pressures to engage in unhealthy behaviour**, as when an adolescent uses cigarettes, which can become a habit or addiction
* Sometimes **people are simply not aware** of the dangers involved or how to change their behaviour.
35
-- Personality and Illness --
36
Personality
a person’s **cognitive, affective, or behavioural tendencies** that are **fairly stable across time and situations**
37
The link between personality and illness is not a...
**one-way street**: illness -> can affect one’s emotional adjustment and outlook too
38
-- How the Role of Psychology Emerged --
39
Became somewhat more formalized early in the twentieth century in the work of...
**Sigmund Freud**
40
Psychoanalytic theory - origins
* Formally a physician, noticed that **some patients showed physical symptoms with no detectable organic disorder.**
* Using his psychoanalytic theory, Freud proposed that these symptoms were ***“converted”*** **from unconscious emotional conflicts**
41
**Freud proposed that these symptoms were “converted” from unconscious emotional conflicts. Called this...**
**conversion hysteria**; one form it can take is called *glove anaesthesia* because only the hand has no feeling
42
Psychosomatic medicine (1930's)
The first field dedicated to studying the interplay between emotional life and bodily processes
43
The term "psychosomatic" means...
that the mind and body are both involved (they're not "imaginary")
44
The field of **behavioural medicine** (70's) has two defining characteristics
1. Its membership is ***interdisciplinary***
2. It grew from ***behaviourism***
45
Behaviourism proposed that people’s behaviour results from **two types of learning:**
* **Classical (or respondent) conditioning**, in which a stimulus (the conditioned stimulus) gains the ability to elicit a response through association with a stimulus (the unconditioned stimulus) that already elicits the response.
* **Operant conditioning**, in which behaviour is changed because of its consequences: reinforcement (reward) strengthens the behaviour; punishment suppresses it.
46
Conditioning methods had shown a good deal of success as therapeutic approaches in helping people modify...**(2)**
1. behaviours
2. emotions
47
By the 1970s, physiological psychologists had clearly shown that
psychological events—particularly emotions—influence bodily functions, such as blood pressure
48
Researchers had demonstrated that people can learn to control various physiological systems if they are given _ as to what the systems are doing
FEEDBACK
49
Biofeedback
Whereby a person’s **physiological processes**, such as blood pressure, **are monitored by the person *in order to gain voluntary control* over them.**
50
Joseph Matarazzo outlined **four goals of health psychology:**
1. To ***promote*** and ***maintain*** **health**
2. To ***identify*** and ***treat*** **illness**
3. To identify the ***causes and diagnostic correlates*** of health, illness, and related dysfunction
4. To ***analyze* and *improve* healthcare systems and health policy**
51
“Aren’t psychosomatic medicine, behavioural medicine, and health psychology basically the same?”
In a sense they are— they have very similar goals, study similar topics, and share the same knowledge, and many professionals are members of all three organizations.
52
“Aren’t psychosomatic medicine, behavioural medicine, and health psychology basically the same?” - **main distinctions**
**The degree of focus they give to specific topics** and viewpoints, and **the specific disciplines and professions involved**
53
Psychomatic medicine - **distinctive features**:
Psychosomatic medicine is an interdisciplinary field that includes physicians and behavioural scientists but **continues to be closely tied to medical disciplines**, including the ***application of psychiatry to understanding and treating physical illness.***
54
Behavioural Medicine - **distinctive features**:
an interdisciplinary field, and tends to focus on ***interventions* that promote healthy lifestyles without using drugs or surgery.**
55
Health Psychology - **distinctive features**:
**Based in psychology and draws heavily on other psychology subfields**— clinical, social, developmental, experimental, and physiological—***to identify and alter lifestyle and emotional processes that lead to illness***, and to improve functioning and recovery for people who are sick
56
-- Health Psychology: The Profession --
57
The direct help health psychologists provide generally relates to...
* **The patient’s psychological adjustment to, and management of, health problems**
* Health psychologists provide indirect help, too. Their research provides information about lifestyle and personality factors in illness and injury.
58
-- Current Perspectives on Health and Illness --
59
Biopsychosocial model:
* Expands the biomedical view by **adding to biological factors connections to psychological and social factors**
* Proposes that all three factors affect and are affected by the person’s health, and it has been a key part of the foundation of health psychology
60
Biological factors include
the **genetic materials and processes by which we inherit characteristics from our parents**. It also includes **the function and structure of the person’s physiology**
61
Role of Psychological Factors - **overview (3)**
* Cognition
* Emotion
* Motivation
62
Cognition
a mental activity that encompasses perceiving, learning, remembering, thinking, interpreting, believing, and problem solving.
63
Emotion
**a subjective feeling** that affects, and is affected by, our thoughts, behaviour, and physiology
64
Motivation
is the process within individuals that gets them to start some activity, choose its direction, and persist in it.
65
On a fairly broad level, our society affects the health of individuals by...
promoting certain values of our culture, such as believing that being fit and healthy is good
66
Research demonstrates that **communities** differ how?
**in the extent to which their members practise certain health-related behaviours, such as smoking cigarettes or consuming fatty food** (this can depend on environment, i.e. safety or walkablility)
67
The closest and most continuous social relationships for most people occur within the...
family
68
-- The Concept of "Systems" --
69
“We need to understand the whole person” - this approach is sometimes called...
**holistic**, a term many people use and define to include a wide range of “alternative” approaches to promote health, such as treatments that use aromas and herbs to heal
70
We can conceptualize the whole person by applying the biological concept of “systems”. A system is...
a dynamic entity with components that are ***continuously interrelated***
* EX: human bodies include the immune and nervous systems, which consist of tissues and cells.
71
-- Sociocultural Factors, Gender, and Status --
72
-- Sociocultural --
involving or relating to social and cultural factors, such as ethnicity, culture, or nationality.
73
Culture
* Includes the **characteristics and knowledge of a particular group of people** who **share a similar context**
* Because of their shared environment, these individuals are **exposed to similar cultural messages or ideas**, and by extension, often share language, religious beliefs, cuisine, music and arts, and social habits
74
Ethnicity
a similar term that is typically used to refer to **people who identify with each other based on shared nation or homeland, society, culture, language, and/or history and ancestry**
75
Race
a **socially constructed** label or category **based largely on physical characteristics** such as skin colour, though it can overlap with ethnicity.
76
In Canada, there are three formally recognized Indigenous groups:
1. First Nations
2. Inuit
3. Métis
77
Indigenous beliefs about health and health care tend to be... + incorporate...
far more holistic, incorporating the health and well-being of community, neighbourhood, and culture
78
Sex
the biological classification of individuals as male or female based on physical characteristics present at birth.
79
Gender
* **...reflects the attitudes, feelings, and behaviours that a given culture associates with a person’s biological sex**
* Categorizing people as men and women, or describing them as masculine or feminine, reflects the social construct of gender
80
Sexual orientation
refers to one’s sexual and emotional attraction to others based on their sex and/or gender
81
Gender identity
a person’s deeply felt sense of being female or male, man or wom- an (or boy or girl), or neither
82
Stigma
negative feelings and attitudes about individuals based on specific qualities or characteristics they possess.
83
Minority status
* occurs any time a group of people is singled out to receive differential or unequal treatment by those who maintain the majority of the power in a particular region or country
* associated with a variety of health outcomes
84
Socioeconomic status (SES)
describes differences in people’s resources, prestige, and power within a society
85
Socioeconomic **characteristics (3)**
1. Income
2. Occupational prestige
3. Education
86
The **lifespan perspective**
characteristics of a person are considered with respect to their prior development, current level, and likely development in the future
87
Pediatrics and geriatrics
branches of medicine that deal with the health and illness of children and the elderly, respectively.
88
How do the roles of different biopsychosocial systems change as we develop?
Virtually all systems of the body grow in size, strength, and efficiency during childhood and decline in old age
89
Changes occur in children’s psychological systems, too, such as in cognitive processes:
As children get older and their cognitive skills improve, they are better able to understand implications of their own illness when they are sick and the rationales for behaviours that promote their health and safety
90
Children’s health is largely the responsibility of...
## Footnote
+ how does this transition into adulthood
* adult caregivers -- parents and teachers
* During the teenage years, adolescents take on more and more of these responsibilities.
91
To understand how psychological factors can influence health and vice versa, we must have a basic understanding of the body’s healthy and unhealthy functioning through...
medicine
92
epidemiology
* the scientific study of the distribution and frequency of disease and injury
* Helps health psychologists also need to know the context in which health and illness exist
93
Epidemiology - **what do researchers do?**
* determine the occurrence of illness in a given population and organize these data in terms of when the disease or injury occurred, where, and to which age, gender, and racial or cultural groups.
* Then they attempt to discover why specific illnesses are distributed as they are.
94
Mortality
## Footnote
Epidemiology TERMS
refers to the occurrence of death, generally on a large scale
95
Morbidity
## Footnote
Epidemiology TERMS
refers to illness, injury, or disability—basically any detectable departure from wellness.
96
Prevalence
## Footnote
Epidemiology TERMS
* the number of cases of a disease, illness, or disability.
* It includes both continuing (previously reported) and new cases at a given moment in time— for example, the percentage of the population with asthma as of the first day of the current year.
97
Incidence
## Footnote
Epidemiology TERMS
* the number of new cases of a disease, illness, or disability, reported during a specific period of time.
* An example is the number of new HIV cases in the previous year.
98
Epidemic
## Footnote
Epidemiology TERMS
* refers to a situation in which the incidence, generally of an infectious disease, has increased rapidly.
* HIV/AIDS
99
Pandemic
refers to an epidemic that has increased to international or worldwide proportions.
100
Public health
concerned with protecting, maintaining, and improving health through organized effort in the community.
101
Sociology
focuses on human social life; it examines groups or communities of people and evaluates the impact of various social factors, such as the mass media, population growth, epidemics, and institutions.
102
Medical Sociology
studies a wide range of issues related to health, including the **impact of social relationships on the distribution of illness, social reactions to illness, socio-economic factors of health care use, and the way hospital services and medical practices are organized. (social impacts on health)**
103
Anthropology/Medical Anthropology
* includes the **study of human cultures**
* Medical anthropology **examines differences in health and health care across cultures (cross-cultural impacts on health):** How do the nature and definition of illness vary across different cultures? How do people in these cultures react to illness and what methods do they use to treat disease or injury? How do they structure health care systems? Without the knowledge from sociology and anthropology, health psychologists would have a very narrow view
104
Health economics
examines the supply and demand for health resources, the expenditures related to health care, and the costs and benefits of health care.
105
Health policy
examines the decisions, plans, and actions taken by governments and other organizations, such as insurance companies and employers, regarding health care and health-related behaviour
PSYC 314
flashcards
Decks in class (36)
# Cards
-
Lecture 1-224
-
Lecture 329
-
Lecture 428
-
Lecture 530
-
Lecture 639
-
Lecture 727
-
Lecture 825
-
Chapter 1105
-
Chapter 3101
-
Chapter 4117
-
Chapter 588
-
-------------------------- MIDTERM 1 --------------------------0
-
Lecture 9 - Health Behaviours and Promotions23
-
Lecture 10 - Health Behaviours and Promotions28
-
Lecture 11 - Health Behaviours and Promotions, Substance Use11
-
Chapter 6158
-
Lecture 12 - Substance Use & Addiction32
-
Chapter 70
-
Lecture 13 - Diet, Exercise, & Weight Control19
-
Chapter 8140
-
Lecture 14 - Using Health Services & Patient-Practitioner Interaction27
-
Chapter 9128
-
Lecture 1520
-
Chapter 1068
-
-------------------------- MIDTERM 2 --------------------------0
-
Lecture 16 - Pain and its Symptoms and Management22
-
Chapter 11 lol119
-
Lecture 17 - Pain and its Symptoms and Management29
-
Chapter 12107
-
Lecture 18 - Managing Chronic Illness and Family Involvement0
-
Chapter 130
-
Lecture 19 - Managing Chronic Illness and Family Involvement0
-
Chapter 140
-
Lecture 20 - Psychosocial Aspects of Chronic Illness and Aging; End-of-Life Care and Bereavement0
-
Lecture 21 - Psychosocial Aspects of Chronic Illness and Aging; End-of-Life Care and Bereavement0
-
Chapter 150
