1
Q
Coping
A
Coping is the process by which people try to manage the perceived discrepancy between the demands and resources they appraise in a stressful situation
2
Q
Coping - what does “manage” infer in its definition?
A
Indicates that coping efforts can be quite varied and do not necessarily succeed
3
Q
We cope with stress through our _ and _ with the environment
A
cognitive and behavioural transactions
4
Q
Is coping a single event? How is it best viewed?
A
- NO
- Because coping involves continuous transactions with the environment, the process is best viewed as a series of appraisals and reappraisals that adjust to shifts in-person-environment relationships
5
Q
Coping can serve two main functions:
A
- Alter the problem, causing stress
- Regulate the emotional response to the problem
6
Q
Emotion-focused coping
A
Aimed at controlling the emotional response to the stressful situation
7
Q
People can regulate their emotional responses through _ and _ approaches
A
Behavioural and cognitive (how people think about the stressful situation) approaches
8
Q
Other emotion-focused cognitive processes include what Freud called…
A
- defense mechanisms, which involve distorting memory or reality in some way
- however things like “avoidance” are helpful only in the short term
9
Q
At what time/situation do people tend to use emotion-focused approaches?
A
When they believe they can do little to change stressful conditions (ex: a loved one passing away)
10
Q
Why are emotion-focused coping mechanisms important?
A
Because they sometimes interfere with getting medical treatment or involve healthy behaviours
11
Q
Problem-focused coping
A
Aimed at reducing the demands of a stressful situation or expanding the resources to deal with it
12
Q
When do people tend to use problem-focused approaches?
A
When they believe their resources or the demands of the situation are changeable
13
Q
Can problem- and emotion- based coping be used together?
A
YES, and often are
14
Q
Relationship-focused coping
A
Involves emotion- or problem-based coping intended to manage or maintain social relationships during stress, such as trying to bolster each other’s emotional needs
15
Q
Dyadic Coping
A
Partners work together, recognizing their interdependence in dealing with a stressor
16
Q
What specific methods—that is, skills and strategies—can people apply in stressful situations to alter the problem or regulate their emotional response? (4)
A
- Engaging positive emotions
- Finding benefits or meaning
- Engaging in emotional approach (actively processing/expressing feeling)
- Accomodating to a stressor
17
Q
Demand-withdrawal patterns within marital interactions?
A
When one partner engages in withdrawal and the other engages in confrontation at the same time, the effects on stress and mood can be amplified even further
18
Q
4 issues about people’s patterns in using different coping mechanisms: 1
A
People tend to be consistent in the way they cope with a particular type of stressor – that is, when faced with the same problem, they tend to use the same methods they used in the past
19
Q
4 issues about people’s patterns in using different coping mechanisms: 2
A
People normally use more than one method to cope with a stressor - their efforts typically involve a combination of problem- and emotion-focused strategies
20
Q
4 issues about people’s patterns in using different coping mechanisms: 3
A
Methods can vary between duration of stressors; short-term stressors and long-term stress, such as from a serious chronic illness
21
Q
4 issues about people’s patterns in using different coping mechanisms: 4
A
Although the methods people use to cope with stress develop from the transactions they have in their lives, a genetic influence is suggested
22
Q
How do psychologists assume that coping changes across the lifespan?
A
- Changes - but nature of these changes is unclear due to lack of research
- Still possible to observe in infants, like resisting when a pediatrician is trying to complete an examination
23
Q
Middle-aged individuals use what kind of coping? What about older adults?
A
- Middle-aged: problem-focused
- Older-adults: emotion-focused
24
Q
Why do adults use less problem-focused and more emotion-focused coping as they get older?
A
- Results from what people have to cope with as they age
- i.e. stressors in middle age are more changeable than those in old age
25
How can marriage/partnership in adulthood help with coping?
* Coping strategies between partners can become a **joint system**
* Each being shared by and influencing the other
26
OCEAN has shown what associations with coping?
High extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousnness, and openness have all been associated with more adaptive and successful coping
27
Men are more likely to use which coping strategy? Women with which coping strategy?
* Men: problem-focused
* Women: emotion-focused
28
People with higher incomes and educational levels report greater usage of **which coping? What does this suggest?**
* **problem-focused coping**
* Suggests that the **social experiences of disadvantaged people lead many of them to *believe that they have little control*** over events in their lives
29
What other social element can impair coping?
Discrimination
30
Can people become “immune” to the impact of stress to some extent? What is this action called?
* Some aspects of people's lives can reduce the potential for stressors to develop and help people cope
* Called **proactive coping:** efforts that prevent or minimize stress, uses problem-focused
31
How can social support help prevent stressful problems in the first place? **EXAMPLE**
Consider the support that newlyweds receive -- like items to help set up their household (which would rather add to financial burdens)
32
Religiousity and spirituality on stress?
Can be an **important resource for coping**, and have a positive influence on health
33
Religiousity and spirituality on stress? **Why is this positive?**
* Religious or spiritual people **may be able to find meaning or benefits in the adversities** they experience more readily than others
* As a result, **positive reappraisal is more likely**
* Can also promote healthy lifestyles
34
Religiousity and spirituality on stress? **Issue 1**
Some people are **involved in a religion for utilitarian reasons**, such as to promote status or political goals, and their **stress reactions do not seem to benefit from their involvement**
35
Religiousity and spirituality on stress? **Issue 2**
The link between **religiousity and lower mortality may apple to people who were *initially healthy***, but not necessarily to individuals who were already sick
36
More info on how social support might have a lower impact on lower-economic classes
The networks of people from LEC are usually less diverse than those of people from higher classes (i.e. they have fewer nonkin members)
37
People can increase their ability to give and receive social support by...
* Joining community organizations, such as social, religious, special interest, and self-help groups
* Especially encouraged for isolated individuals - e.g. older adults
38
-- Managing Interpersonal Problems --
39
Interpersonal conflicts with others can be avoided or minimized through adaptive interpersonal behaviour, especially through...
assertiveness: direct expression without insult or intimidation at the other person
40
Faced with a potential disagreement or excessive demand, some people respond either...
**aggressively**, trying to intimidate or control the other person, or **unassertively**, failing to express their wishes or opinions.
41
-- Stress and Health Outcomes in the Trans Community --
42
Increased stress resulting from transphobia/stigma can lead to what type of coping?
* Maladaptive coping
* Especially difficult for BIPOC
* Can worsen impacts of stress with discrimination
43
Despite facing social challenges, many trans people display a high level of _
reslience; are able to avoid the negative impacts on their health and wellbeing
44
How can assertiveness help the individual?
Helps people **find the middle ground between nonassertive and aggressive behaviour**, enabling them to stand up for themselves in an effective and constructuve manner and **avoiding or reducing stress**
45
-- Improving One's Personal Control --
46
How can a person's sense of control be enhanced? **youth**
Early intervention through authority and parental figures; **showing love, providing a stimulating environment, praising accomplishments, *setting reasonable standards of conduct and performance that they can regard as a challenge***
47
How can a person's sense of control be enhanced? **elderly**
Nurses and families can allow older adults to do things for themselves and have responsibilities
48
-- Organizing One's World Better --
49
How can disorganization play a role in people's worlds?
* People often feel stress because they're running late or believe they don't think they have enough time in the day
50
An important approach in organizing is...
Time management
51
Time management consists of 3 elements:
1. Setting **attainable** goals
2. Making **daily to-do's** to prioritize goals
3. Setting a **daily schedule** to allocate times
52
-- Exercising: Link to Stress and Health --
53
General findings for exercise on stress and health
Ppl who are physically fit often report **less anxiety**, **depression**, and **tension** in their lives than those who don't normally exercise
54
Problems with interpreting results that show exercise is better for **stress + health?**
Reduction in self-reported stress might have resulted from a **placebo**
55
Problems with interpreting results that show exercise is better for **stress + health?**
The results of ***correlational*** research do not tell us what causes what; **CORRELATION DOES NOT EQUAL CAUSATION**
56
Exercise on cardiovascular function?
People who exercise are physically fit show **less reactivity to stressors** and are less likely to be hypertensive than those not fit
57
Do exercise and fitness prevent people from developing stress-related illnesses?
The results of several studies suggest they do
58
-- Preparing for Stressful Events --
59
Preping for events on stress?
Can reduce; like a parent taking a child to see their daycare before their first day
60
Research on prepping for surgery indicates what +/- correlation?
the **higher the preoperative fear**, the **worse their postoperative adjustment**
61
The most effective methods for preparing people psychologically for the stress of surgery attempt to enhance the patients’ feelings of...
control
62
Can having prepatory information always be helpful?
Having too much information cam be confusing and arouse fear
63
-- Reducing Stress Reactions: Stress Management --
64
Stress management
a program of **behavioural and cognitive techniques** that is designed to **reduce psychological and physical reactions to stress**
65
Medication: 2 types
* Benzodiazepines
* Beta-blockers
66
Meds: **Benzodiazepines**
**activate a neurotransmitter** that ***decreases neural transmission*** in the **central nervous system**
67
Meds: **Beta-blockers**
* Used to reduce **anxiety and blood** pressure
* **Block the activity stimulated by** **epinephrine and norepinephrine** in **the peripheral nervous system**
68
Should medication be a long-term measure?
NO: using drugs for stress should be a temporary measure
69
-- Behavioural and Cognitive Methods --
70
One way people can learn to control their feelings of tension is called...
## Footnote
+ what does this include?
**progressive muscle relaxation:** in which they focus their attention on specific muscle groups while alternately tightening and relaxing these muscles
71
What can individuals do once they've mastered the relaxation procedure?
Shorten into a quick version:
1. take a deep breaath
2. say "relax"
3. think about pleasant things
72
Relaxation is usually used in conjunction with...
**systemic desensitization**: based on the view that fears are learned from classical conditioning, and that they can be "unlearned"/'unpaired"
73
Systemic desensitization - how can fear be "unlearned" (term?)
pairing it back with a neutral or pleasant stimulus, **counterconditioning**
74
An important feature of the systematic desensitization method is that it uses a...
* **stimulus hierarchy**—a graded *sequence of approximations to the conditioned stimulus*, the feared situation
* This brings the person gradually in contact with the source of fear (opposed to straight-on)
75
How and where can people learn stressful reactions?
MODELLING - social/observational learning
76
What can the idea of learning stressful reactions through modelling also suggest?
That they can be reversed and actually help people cope with stressors (if the behaviour is positive)
77
Cognitive Restructuring: why and what
* Stress can come from cognitive appraisals that are typically based on a lack of info, irrational beliefs, etc.
* CR helps change these thought patterns: a process by which **stress-provoking thoughts or beliefs are replaced with more constructive or realistic ones** that reduce the person's appraisal of threat or harm
78
What sorts of irrational beliefs do people have that increase stress? **Albert Ellis (2)**
* Can't-stand-itis: "I *can't stand* not doing well on a test"
* Musterbating: "people *must* like me"
79
What sorts of irrational beliefs do people have that increase stress? **Aaron Beck (2)**
* **Arbitrary Inference:** drawing a specific conclusion from insufficient evidence; jumping to conclusions
* **Magnification:** greatly exaggerating
80
A popular cognitive restructuring approach to change maladaptive thought patterns is called...
**Cognitive Therapy**: **help clients see that they aren't responsible for all of the problems they encounter**, the negative events they experience are usually not catastrophes, and their maladaptive beliefs are not logically valid.
81
Problem-solving training
clients learn a strategy for identifying, discovering, or inventing effective or adaptive ways to address problems in everyday life
82
Stress inoculation training
**uses a variety of methods that are designed to teach people skills** for alleviating stress
83
Stress inoculation training: 3 phases
1. **learn about the nature of stress** and how people react to it
2. **acquire behavioural and cognitive skills**
3. **practice coping skills** with actual or imagined stressors
84
Massage - 3 benefits
1. Reduces anxiety and depression
2. Increases oxytocin
3. Reduces tencion and pain
85
Developing **mindfulness**
Simple **awareness of one's experiences**, unencumbered by cognitive or emotional distortions
86
Mindfulness includes
the non-judgemental attention to experiences in the present
87
Mindfulness - involves two main components
1. Person focuses on **immediate experience**
2. Provides a way to experience events with an orientation of **curiousity, openness, and acceptance**
88
Hypnosis - can it reduce stress?
It can manage stress, but not any more effectively than other relaxation techniques
PSYC 314
flashcards
Decks in class (36)
# Cards
-
Lecture 1-224
-
Lecture 329
-
Lecture 428
-
Lecture 530
-
Lecture 639
-
Lecture 727
-
Lecture 825
-
Chapter 1105
-
Chapter 3101
-
Chapter 4117
-
Chapter 588
-
-------------------------- MIDTERM 1 --------------------------0
-
Lecture 9 - Health Behaviours and Promotions23
-
Lecture 10 - Health Behaviours and Promotions28
-
Lecture 11 - Health Behaviours and Promotions, Substance Use11
-
Chapter 6158
-
Lecture 12 - Substance Use & Addiction32
-
Chapter 70
-
Lecture 13 - Diet, Exercise, & Weight Control19
-
Chapter 8140
-
Lecture 14 - Using Health Services & Patient-Practitioner Interaction27
-
Chapter 9128
-
Lecture 1520
-
Chapter 1068
-
-------------------------- MIDTERM 2 --------------------------0
-
Lecture 16 - Pain and its Symptoms and Management22
-
Chapter 11 lol119
-
Lecture 17 - Pain and its Symptoms and Management29
-
Chapter 12107
-
Lecture 18 - Managing Chronic Illness and Family Involvement0
-
Chapter 130
-
Lecture 19 - Managing Chronic Illness and Family Involvement0
-
Chapter 140
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Lecture 20 - Psychosocial Aspects of Chronic Illness and Aging; End-of-Life Care and Bereavement0
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Lecture 21 - Psychosocial Aspects of Chronic Illness and Aging; End-of-Life Care and Bereavement0
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Chapter 150
