Chapter 1

Question 1

Who began using and making simple microscopes?

Answer 1

Antoni van Leeuwenhek

Question 2

Antoni van Leeuwenhek often made a new microscope for each speciemen, examined water and visualized tiny animals, fungi, algae, and single-celled protozoa; called

Answer 2

Animalcules

Question 3

By the end of the 19th century, “animalcules” were called

Answer 3

Microorganisms

Question 4

_______ developed a taxonomic system for naming plants and animals and grouping similar organisms together.

Answer 4

Carolus Linnaeus

Question 5

Leeuwenhoek’s microorganisms grouped into 6 categories

Answer 5

• Fungi
• Protozoa
• algae
• bacteria
• archaea
• small mulit-cellular animals

Question 6

Fungi

Answer 6

• Eukaryotic
• obtain food from other organisms
• possess cell walls

Question 7

Fungi include

Answer 7

• molds

- yeast

Question 8

-Multicellular; grow as long filaments; reproduce by sexual and asexual spores

Answer 8

Mold

Question 9

-Unicellular; reproduce asexually by budding; some produce sexual spores

Answer 9

Yeast

Question 10

Protozoa is a

Answer 10

Single celled eukaryotes that live freely in water; some ive in animal hosts

Question 11

Protozoa repoduce

Answer 11

asexual and sexual

Question 12

Most Protozoas are capable of locomotion by

Answer 12

• pseudopodia
• cilia
• flagella

Question 13

-cell extensions that flow in a direction of travel

Answer 13

pseudopodia

Question 14

-numerous, short, protrusions that propel organisms through the environment

Answer 14

cilia

Question 15

-extensions of a cell that are fewer, longer, and more whip-like than cilia

Answer 15

Flagella

Question 16

Algae

Answer 16

• Unicellular or multicellular
• photosynthetic
• simple reproductive strucutures

Question 17

Algae can be categorized on the basis of

Answer 17

pigmentation, storage products, and composition of cell walls

Question 18

Bateria and archaea are unicellular and ________.

Answer 18

Lack nuclei (both prokaryotes)

Question 19

Bateria and archaea are much small than

Answer 19

eukaryotes

Question 20

what two types of microorganisms can be found everywhere there is sufficient moisture; some isolated from extreme environments and reproduce asexually?

Answer 20

Bateria and Archaea

Question 21

-Cell wall contain peptidoglycan; some lack cell walls

Answer 21

Bateria

Question 22

-Cell walls composed of polymers other than peptidoglycan

Answer 22

Archaea

Question 23

What are the 4 question scientists searched for answers for?

Answer 23

• Is spontaneous generation of microbial life possible?
• What causes fermentation?
• How can we prevent infection and disease?

Question 24

Hypotheses proposed living things arose from three processes

Answer 24

• A sexual reproduction
• Sexual reproduction
• Nonliving matter

Question 25

Who proposed spontaneous generation?

Answer 25

Aristotle

Question 26

What is Spontaneous generation?

Answer 26

-Living things can arise from nonliving matter

Question 27

What did Redi find in his experiment?

Answer 27

- when decaying meat was kept isolated from flies, maggots never developed - meat exposed to flies was soon infested - as a result, scientists began to doubt Aristotle's theory

Question 28

What experiment was this? - Scientists did not believe animals could arise spontaneously, but did believe microbes could - experiment with beef gravy and infusions of plant material were boild, then tightly sealed. Days later the vials were cloudy implying microbial life spontaneously generated

Answer 28

Needham's Experiment

Question 29

He concluded that Needham failed to heat vials sufficiently to kill all microbes or had not sealed vials tightly enough - microorganisms exit in air and can contaminate vials - spontaneous generation of microogranism does not occur

Answer 29

Spallanzani

Question 30

Louis Pasteur is considered the _________.

Answer 30

The Father of Microbiology

Question 31

Louis Pasteur conducted experiment which ________.

Answer 31

disproved spontaneous generation

Question 32

Pasteur's used "_________" Flask in his experiment.

Answer 32

"swan necks" flask

Question 33

-When the "______" flask remained upright, no microbial growth appeared

Answer 33

"swan neck:

Question 34

In Pasteur's experiment when the flask was tilted, dust from the bend in the neck seeped back into the flask and made the_________.

Answer 34

infusion cloudy with microbes within a day

Question 35

Debate over spontaneous generation led in part to development of ___________

Answer 35

Scientific method

Question 36

Observation leads to _____. questions generates __________. Hypothesis is tested through experiment(s) Results ___ or ____ hypothesis

Answer 36

- Questions - hypothesis - Experiment - suppost oor reject

Question 37

Accepted hypothesis leads to ____/_____

Answer 37

Theory/law

Question 38

Fermentation was used to describe ______ from sugar, Formation of _____, purification of meat, and decomposition of waste

Answer 38

- alcohol | - lactic acid

Question 39

Some believe air caused fermentation; others insisted ______________ caused fermentation

Answer 39

living organisms

Question 40

Vintners funded research to promote production of alcohol but prevent spoilage during fermentation this lead to ___________.

Answer 40

pasteurization and industrial microbiology

Question 41

Pasteur developed

Answer 41

germ theory of disease

Question 42

Robert Koch studied causative agents of disease - ______ - Examined _____ of microogranisms

Answer 42

Anthrax | -Colonies

Question 43

what are the first four of kochs conteibutions

Answer 43

simple straining techniques, first photomicrograph of bacteria, first photomicrograph of bacteria is diseased tissue, techniques for estimating CFU/mL

Question 44

What are the last four of Kochs contributions?

Answer 44

use of steam to sterilize media, use of Petri dishes, techniques to transfer bacteria, bacteria as distinct species, and kochs postulates: steps to show causative agents of diseases

Question 45

infection control and epidemiology

Answer 45

senmelweisand snow

Question 46

taxonomy

Answer 46

linnaeus

Question 47

vaccination and immunology

Answer 47

jenner

Question 48

aseptic medical techniques

Answer 48

lister & Nightingale

Question 49

chemotherapy

Answer 49

Ehrlich

Question 50

microbial morphology, straining microbes

Answer 50

gran

Question 51

Who developed the staining technique, using a series of dyes?

Answer 51

Han Christian Gram

Question 52

Gram-negative is

Answer 52

pink

Question 53

Gam-Postive is

Answer 53

Purple