Microbiology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Collection of biochemical reactions, ultimate function is reproduction

A

Metabolism

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2
Q

Every cell ______ nutrients

A

Acquires

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3
Q

Metabolism requires energy from __________

A

light or nutrients

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4
Q

Energy is stored in ___________

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

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5
Q

Cells _______ nutrients to form ________

A

Catabolize

Precursor metabolites

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6
Q

Precursor metabolites, energy from ATP, and enzymes are used in ____________

A

anabolic reactions

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7
Q

Enzymes plus ATP form

A

Macromolcules

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8
Q

Cells _______ once they have reached a critical mass

A

Reprodue

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9
Q

_______: exgeronic, break larger molecules into smaller products

A

Catabolic Pathways

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10
Q

________: endergonic, synthesize large molecules from thee smaller products of catabolism

A

Anabolic pathways

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11
Q

Oxidation and reduction (redox) reaction

A
  • Transfer of electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor
  • Reactions always occur simultaneously
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12
Q

Oxidation (3 Methods)

A
  • Lose an electron
  • Lose a hydrogen
  • Gain an oxygen atom
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13
Q

Cells use electron carriers to carry electrons

A

Hydrogen often assists in the e- transfer

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14
Q

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+ —–>

A

NADH

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15
Q

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD+) —>

A

NADPH

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16
Q

Flavine adenine dinucleotide (FAD) ——>

A

FADH2

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17
Q

Organisms release energy from nutrients, which is harnessed, and stored in high-energy phosphate bonds

A

ATP

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18
Q

__________: inorganic phosphate is added to substrate

A

phosphorylation

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19
Q

Cells phosphorylate ADP to ATP in 3 ways

A
  • Substrate-level phosphorylation
  • Oxidative phosporylation
  • Photophosphorylation
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20
Q

The roles of Enzmes in metabolism

A

Enzymes are organic catalysts of chemical reactions

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21
Q

hydrolysis

A

Hydrolases

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22
Q

Rearrange atoms within a molecule

A

isomerases

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23
Q

anabolic (builds)

A

Ligases or polymerases

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24
Q

Spitting molecules without H2O

A

Lyases

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25
Transfers e- or H to another molecule
Oxidoredyctases
26
Move a functional group to another molecule
Transferase
27
inactive proteins which require a cofactor to function (inorganic ions or coenzymes)
Apoenzymes
28
vitamins not synthesized by organism
Coenzymes
29
binding of apoenzyme and its cofactor yeild ________ an active enzymes
Holoenzymes
30
non protein enzymes some are RNA molecules called
Ribozymes
31
Activity of enzyme depends on closeness of fitt. upon activation, enzymes undergo an _______ for enzymes-substrate specificity
induce fit
32
The process of enzymatic activity
1. Enzymes and substrate interact 2. Enzymes substrate complex 4. product released 3. bonds are formed or broken 5. enzymes reused
33
Enzymatic reaction influenced by
Temperature pH Enzyme and substrate concentration Presense of inhibiotors
34
inhibitors
Substances that block an enzyme's active site | do not denature enzymes
35
Molecules with a similar configuration can act as ______ which can outcompete for an enzymes active site
Inhibitors
36
________________ Binds at an allosteric site
Non-competive inhibitor
37
In excitatory allosteric control, an activator molecule bind to the allosteric site, causing the active site to change shape,____________________.
Activating an inactive enzymes
38
the end product of some metabolic pathways can result in
feedback inhibition
39
enzymes catabolize carbohydrates (ex Glucose) to harvest energy is 2 processes
- Cellular respiration | - Fermentation
40
Respiration includes gylcolysis , krebs cycle and electron transport to
oxidize pyruvic acid into CO2 and H20
41
Fermentation invovles gycolysis and pyruvic acid is
net completely oxidized
42
Glycolysis
occurs in cytoplasm of most cells | involves splitting of six carbon glucose into 2 pyruvic acids (3 carbon molecule) storing energry in ATP
43
3 stage of glycolysis involving 10 steps
Energy investment stage lysis stage energy conserving stage
44
Result of gylcolysis
Is net gain of 2 ATP molecules, 2 NADH and 2 Pyruvic acids molecules
45
Cellular respiration pyruvic acid products them completely oxidied to produce ATP by serier of redo reactions in cellular respiration or
in fermentation pyruvic acid incompletely oxidized
46
three stages of cellular respiration
1. Synthesis of acetyl-CoA 2. Krebs cycle 3. Final series of redox reactions (electron transport chain)
47
Synthesis of acetyl-CoA
2- acetyl-CoA 2 CO2 2 NADH
48
up energy remains in bonds of acetyl CoA energy form acetly-CoA transferred to coenzymes NAD+ and FAD occurs in cytosol of prokaryotes and in matri of mitochondria in eukaryotes
The Krebs cycle
49
Kred cycle results in
2 ATP, 2 FADH2, 6 NADH, 4 CO2
50
MOst ATP is produced from serier of redox reactions known as an
Electron transport chain (ETC)
51
Energy from electrons used to pump protons (H+) across the membrane, ______________________.
establishing a prton gradient
52
Ectrochemical gradient to generat ATP
Chemiosmosis
53
Cells use __________ in redox reactions of ETC to creat proton gradient
Energy released
54
Protons flow down electrochemical gradient through ATP synthases that _____________________
Phospharylation ADP to ATP
55
total of - ____ ATP formed from one molecule of glucose
34
56
Integral membrane proteins which conatain flavin
Flavoprotein
57
Lipid soluble electron carriers
Ubiquinones
58
Intergral proteins w/ metal
Metal containing proteins
59
Intergral proteins associated w/ heme
Cytochromes
60
oxygen serves as fina electron accepto
Aerobic respiration
61
MOlecules other then oxygen serves as final electron acceptor
Anaerobic respiration
62
Alternatives to glycolysis
Yield fewer ATP than glyciysis | reduce coenzymes and yeild different metabolites needed in anabolic pathways
63
Uses pentse
Pentose phosphate pathways
64
Uses different enzymes than in glycolysis
Enter-doudoroff pathway
65
used if cells cannot completely oxidize glycose by cellular respiration
Fermentation
66
Cells require constant source of NAD+
connot be obtained usig glycolysis and kreb cycle
67
Ferminention provide cells with alternate source of NAD+
Partial oxidation of sugar to release energy using an organic molecule from witin the cell as final electron acceptor
Microbiology
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