Chapter 1: Basic Linguistics

Question 1

Linguistics

Answer 1

-how to describe languages, dialects and speech styles accurately and in detail
-speech sounds
-how sentences are put together
-kinds of meanings words have
-how speakers make new words
-formal and informal language differences

Question 2

Psycholinguistics

Answer 2

-tries to discover how we manage to DO things that go into speaking and understanding, reading, and writing

Question 3

Higher Levels of Spoken Langauge

Answer 3

words, phrases, sentences, paragraphs or conversational turns

Question 4

Lower Levels of Spoken Language

Answer 4

-syllables, speech sounds/phonemes

Question 5

Levels of Spoken Language

Answer 5

-different levels can impact each other to create speech errors
-at what level of language is the breakdown

Question 6

Coarticulation

Answer 6

-adjustments we make when talking as we anticipate the next sound
-essential for normal fluent speech

Question 7

Phonotactic

Answer 7

-Every language has its own permitted and disallowed sequences of sounds
-We wouldn’t use a sound outside of our language to name something
-cheesecake coldfoam

Question 8

Pitch (How do vocal folds adjust)

Answer 8

Vocal folds get tighter for high freqs and looser for low freqs

Question 9

Phoneme

Answer 9

-Sounds

Question 10

Allophones

Answer 10

-a variation of a sound that does not contrast or change meaning

Question 11

Phonemic Awareness

Answer 11

-understand the different sounds and their meaning

Question 12

Syllable

Answer 12

-vowels are the nucleus or heart of the syllable

Question 13

Noun

Answer 13

-person, place, or thing

Question 14

Verb

Answer 14

-expresses and action or state of being (is, feel)
-shows what the subject is doing or what happens to it

Question 15

Adjective

Answer 15

-describes or modifies a noun by providing more info

Question 16

Adverb

Answer 16

-an adjective that describes a verb

Question 17

Morphology

Answer 17

How words are put together to form meaning

Question 18

Free Morpheme

Answer 18

-can stand alone
-“dog”

Question 19

Bound Morpheme

Answer 19

-must be attached to free morpheme
-hard(er)

Question 20

Content Words

Answer 20

-words with meaning that can be defined by referring to things and events in the real or imagined world
-nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs
-Wernicke’s area

Question 21

Function Words

Answer 21

-little words; provide a function, explain how they are used
-articles, conjunctions, empty prepositions, pronouns, directional prepositions
-comes from Broca’s area

Question 22

Derivational Morphemes

Answer 22

-bound morphemes that are used to make new words
-prefixes and endings change the meaning of the basic word to some extent
-kind(ness) or develop(ment), (un)lock

Question 23

Inflectional Morpheme

Answer 23

-bound morphemes that intuitively feel like they don’t make a new word when they are added to a base form
-cat(s), walk(ed), walk(ing)

Question 24

Compound Words

Answer 24

-join existing free morphemes
-voicemail
-can add derivational and/or inflectional endings (bird + watch + ing)

Question 25

Utterance

Answer 25

-what a speaker says that functions like a complete sentence -collect to analyze

Question 26

Syntax

Answer 26

- how we combine words

Question 27

Semantics

Answer 27

-deals with meanings

Question 28

Pragmatics

Answer 28

-use of language or how to do things with words -it makes language functional in our lives

Question 29

Explicit Knowledge

Answer 29

-aware of what you know

Question 30

Tacit Knowledge

Answer 30

-knowing how to do something, but not aware -knowing how to put a sentence together but not knowing what words are nouns, verbs, etc.

Question 31

Sociolinguistics

Answer 31

-understand the ways that people are ex[ected to talk in different social settings

Question 32

Vocal Tract in Humans

Answer 32

-larynx is lower in throat than other species -allows for more ways to shape phonation into different sounds -more susceptible to choking

Question 33

Differentiate b/w Soft Palate and Velum

Answer 33

-Soft Palate: Moves -Velum: most posterior part and closes off velopharyngeal port

Question 34

Sound Waves

Answer 34

-Speech is not a pure tone -Complex wave w/multiple harmonics -1st harmonic = FF

Question 35

Glottal Stops

Answer 35

-forceful VF closure -rare speech sound -potential disorder -dialectal