Chapter 3: Normal Speech Errors and How They Happen

Question 1

Normal

Answer 1

-not expectedly different from average

Question 2

Slip of the Tongue

Answer 2

-most common speech error
-when we say something we didn’t mean to, scrambling the order of the sounds or words or putting in a wrong word

Question 3

Tip of the Tongue

Answer 3

-can’t find a word, especially a name, that you know and want, and at best can only come out with an approximation to it
-lexical retrieval

Question 4

Lexical Retrieval

Answer 4

-how we activate a content word when we need it

Question 5

Mondegreen

Answer 5

-misanalysis of a phrase that you have heard frequently, typically from a song

Question 6

Melapropisim

Answer 6

-fusing or confusing two words that have similar sounds and using one of them where the other is appropriate (jeopardize instead of deputize)
-these errors are stored in memory rather than one time events
-part of their mental lexicon

Question 7

Slip of the Ear

Answer 7

-misanalysing a word or phrase as you hear it
-many mondegreens and malapropisms begin as slips of the ear that got lodged in a person’s memory

Question 8

Normal Speaker

Answer 8

-normal is a spectrum
-an adult speaker/reader w/no detectable foreign accent and no detectable language comprehension or production problems other than occasional slips of the tongue
-normal also depends on context
-has already acquired language

Question 9

People not considered to be Normal Speakers

Answer 9

-first language learners
-second or later language learners
-people w/developmental disorders, dyslexia, or brain damage, early onset HL
-people w/late onset HL

Question 10

First Language Learners

Answer 10

-a child who is becoming a speaker of at least one language = typically developing

Question 11

Second (or later) Language Learners

Answer 11

-past early childhood and learning a second language
-first language may impact the learning of the second

Question 12

People w/Developmental Disorders, Dyslexia, Early Onset HL, Or Brain Damage

Answer 12

-people who are not developing or learning normally and people with developmental language disorders

Question 13

People w/Late Onset HL

Answer 13

-people who lose their hearing as adults
-may use bottom up processing via visual information from lip reading
-severe loss may have abnormal pitch and loudness because of not being able to hear themselves

Question 14

Message Level

Answer 14

-process concerned w/choosing what, of all that’s currently in your mind
-overarching concepts
-brain choosing what to put into words
-picking stories angle, activating people and things that need to be mentioned, and organizing what happened into event structures (who did what to whom)
-not yet language processing
-like thinking of a new invention before giving it a name
-choices at this level like who are you talking to
-what details do you recall/how well do you recall the impacts (arousal of content)

Question 15

Functional Level: Lemmas

Answer 15

-lemma: the meaning of a word, without it’s sounds
-a word’s lemma is its meaning plus the information that your mind needs to use it in making sentences
-meanings as your mind made it

Question 16

Relations between Concepts (Semantic Categories)

Answer 16

-semantic category: things or word that create similar meanings
-category names tells us how we can expect something to behave or how we behave toward it
-categories at work in brains as we speak and listen
-categories shaped by own experiences, most things belong in more than on category

Question 17

What do concepts/semantic categories activate?

Answer 17

-their lemmas
-concepts that are related to lemmas (antonyms or opposites, within category substitution errors)

Question 18

Spread of Activation for Normal Speakers

Answer 18

-limited: stays within semantic category boundaries for the most part

Question 19

Spread of Activation for Aphasic Speakers

Answer 19

-also have limited spreading activation
-occassional exceptions in mild aphasia
-dramatic exceptions for severe aphasia (circumlocutions)

Question 20

Broca’s Aphasia and Lemmas

Answer 20

-receives lemmas but trouble ordering them

Question 21

Wernicke’s Aphasia and Lemmas

Answer 21

-trouble selecting lemmas or getting lemmas to Broca’s area
-semantically related words are activated which can result in lemmas being selected that aren’t what you wanted

Question 22

Blend Errors

Answer 22

-parts of two words or phrases tried to get out at same time and were mixed together
-I lost my track of thought (train)
-both lemmas were strong enough to call up their phonological forms at the same time

Question 23

How do lemmas find the place in the sentence where they belong?

Answer 23

-linking lemmas w/semantic functions that correspond to the roles in our message
-agent, undergoer, theme, recipient, location

Question 25

Event Structures

Answer 25

-what referents did or what happened to them (who did what to whom) -activates appropriate verb lemmas and grammatical info needed to use them

Question 26

Functional Level

Answer 26

-lemmas -semantic functions into event structures -lemmas, nouns, verbs, semantic relations, event structures

Question 27

Aphasia and Semantic Functions

Answer 27

-ppl w/aphasia are clear on semantic functions even when they can’t express them by putting them in correct order -they know the function the word is supposed to serve

Question 28

Positional Level

Answer 28

-order of words created