LT Phase I > Chapter 1 Inflammatory Response > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Inflammatory Response Flashcards

(55 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

What is the first migratory cell to arrive at and take a role in acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophils

Neutrophils are the first responders in the inflammatory process.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What role do lymphocytes play in cell-mediated immunity?

A
  • Early, protective inflammatory responses
  • Helper T (CD 4+) cells
  • Cytotoxic (CD 8+) T cells

Lymphocytes are crucial for adaptive immunity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is margination?

A

Blood stasis following fluid loss causes leukocytes to marginate along blood vessel walls

This facilitates leukocyte extravasation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do pro-inflammatory mediators increase?

A
  • Expression of leukocyte integrins
  • Binding affinity of leukocyte integrins

These changes enhance leukocyte adhesion and migration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

Process by which leukocytes migrate through vessel walls

Largely occurs through inter-endothelial junctions of post capillary venules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the major pro-inflammatory cytokines created by neutrophils?

A
  • IL-1α
  • IL-6
  • TNF-α

These cytokines play key roles in the inflammatory response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the major pro-inflammatory cytokines created by macrophages?

A
  • IL-1β
  • IL-6
  • TNF-α
  • Prostaglandins
  • Growth factors (PDGF, TGF-α)

Macrophages are central to the inflammatory response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Is Interleukin-10 pro or anti-inflammatory?

A

Anti-inflammatory

It depresses production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How long does it take for neutrophils to be replaced by macrophages at a site of inflammation?

A

24-48 hours

This transition is crucial for the resolution of inflammation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What function do lymphocytes play in inflammation?

A

Mostly acquired immunity

They also contribute to early protective inflammatory responses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the different functions of Th-1 and Th-2 cells?

A
  • Th-1: Maximize the bacterial killing potential of macrophages and stimulate proliferation of cytotoxic T-cells. Also promote IgG production by B-cells
  • Th-2: Involved in helminthic infections and allergic reactions

CD4+ (helper T cells) further differentiate into Th-1 and Th-2 cells.

Th-1 and Th-2 cells have distinct roles in immune responses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What function do Mast cells have in inflammation?

A

Degranulate in response to trauma, enhancing the local inflammatory response

They release various mediators that contribute to inflammation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the difference between PAMPs and DAMPs?

A
  • PAMPs: Recognized as foreign by the host (ex: lipopolysaccharide)
  • DAMPs: Alert the body to cellular damage (ex: fibrinogen)

PAMPs are microbial, while DAMPs are endogenous molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are tachykinins?

A

Neuropeptides released from peripheral neurons after stimulation or trauma

An example is substance P.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are 5 functions of substance P?

A
  • Transmission of pain signals
  • Local vasodilation
  • Increased venule permeability
  • Stimulates leukocyte extravasation
  • Proinflammatory cytokines & MCT degranulation

Substance P plays a significant role in pain and inflammation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Name the two major vasoactive amines in inflammation.

A
  • Histamine
  • Serotonin

These amines are critical in regulating vascular responses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the time to peak effect of histamine?

A

15-20 minutes

Histamine acts quickly in inflammatory responses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Small soluble proteins that act as intercellular messengers

They play essential roles in physiological processes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the pro-inflammatory cytokines?

A
  • IL-1β
  • IL-6
  • TNF-α

These cytokines increase the innate immune response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the anti-inflammatory cytokines?

A
  • IL-10
  • IL-1ra

These cytokines attenuate inflammatory responses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the role of TNF-α in inflammation?

A

Initiates production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemotaxins

It is a key mediator in the inflammatory process.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the role of IL-6 in inflammation?

A

Induces hepatic synthesis of acute phase proteins

It also influences lymphocyte proliferation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are chemokines?

Study These Flashcards
A

Chemotactic cytokines responsible for attracting cells across a concentration gradient

They guide leukocyte migration during inflammation.

24
Q

What is the role of IL-10 in inflammation?

Study These Flashcards
A

Most important anti-inflammatory cytokine

It depresses production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

25
What does **IL-10** do?
Downregulates Th-1 cytokines ## Footnote It decreases immune response to GI bacteria and intestinal inflammation.
26
What are **Eicosanoids**?
Lipid mediators rapidly created from membrane phospholipids Ex: prostaglandins, leukotrienes ## Footnote They exert effects locally in inflammation.
27
What is the precursor of **Eicosanoids**?
Arachidonic acid ## Footnote This fatty acid is crucial for the synthesis of various eicosanoids.
28
How do **glucocorticoids** suppress inflammation?
By decreasing phospholipase A2 expression ## Footnote They upregulate genes encoding anti-inflammatory proteins.
29
What role do **prostaglandins (PGs)** play in inflammation?
* Act as chemotaxins for leukocytes * Induce vasodilation * Contribute to pain and fever ## Footnote Prostaglandins are important mediators in the inflammatory response.
30
What is the function of **PGE2**?
Causes hyperalgesia and acts as a potent pyrogenic agent ## Footnote PGE2 is involved in pain and fever responses.
31
What is the role of **PGI2**?
Causes vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation ## Footnote PGI2 plays a protective role in the cardiovascular system.
32
What is the function of **TXA2**?
Acts as a potent platelet-aggregating agent and causes vasoconstriction ## Footnote TXA2 is important in hemostasis.
33
What is the role of **lipoxins**?
Homeostasis and assist in the transition from acute inflammation to chronic wound repair ## Footnote Lipoxins help resolve inflammation.
34
What is **Platelet-Activating Factor**?
A pro-inflammatory mediator that enhances neutrophil motility, and causes platelet aggregation and degranulation ## Footnote It primes degranulation and plays a role in inflammation.
35
What function do **leukotrienes** serve in inflammation?
Pro-inflammatory mediators of leukocyte trafficking and blood flow ## Footnote They are involved in asthma and allergic responses.
36
How is **Nitric Oxide** synthesized?
From L-arginine by nitric oxide synthase ## Footnote NO has various roles in the cardiovascular system.
37
What are the 3 forms of **nitric oxide synthase**?
* Endothelial derived * Neuronal derived * Inducible ## Footnote The inducible form is upregulated during inflammation.
38
Is **Nitric Oxide (NO)** anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory?
It can be both ## Footnote The effect depends on concentration and mode of production.
39
What is the primary physiological function of **NO**?
Regulation of vascular tone and vasodilation ## Footnote NO diffuses into smooth muscle cells and causes relaxation.
40
What function does **carbon monoxide (CO)** play in inflammation?
It has anti-inflammatory effects ## Footnote CO impairs production, differentiation, and activation of inflammatory cells.
41
What is the **acute phase reaction**?
The initial response to inflammatory stimuli ## Footnote Characterized by fever, leukocytosis, and changes in serum acute phase proteins.
42
What are **negative acute phase proteins**?
Proteins that decrease by at least 25% during an inflammatory response ## Footnote An example is Albumin.
43
What are **positive acute phase proteins**?
Proteins that increase by at least 25% during an inflammatory response ## Footnote An example is C-reactive protein, Serum Amyloid A, Complement proteins, coagulation factors, etc.
44
Describe the **complement pathway**.
Involves alternative (contact with foreign microbes), classical (activated by immune complexes), and lectin (via lectin proteins contacting pathogens) pathways ## Footnote These pathways lead to inflammation and destruction of microbes.
45
What is **MODS**?
Progressive dysfunction of two or more organ systems not involved in the initial insult ## Footnote MODS can be a consequence of severe inflammation.
46
What is **endotoxin tolerance**?
A state where cells become unresponsive to subsequent endotoxin stimulation ## Footnote This phenomenon can affect immune responses.
47
What organ mediates **MODS** in dogs?
The gastrointestinal tract ## Footnote The GI tract plays a critical role in systemic inflammation.
48
What are the **four components** of the acute vascular response?
a. Vasodilation b. Permeability c. Stasis d. Leukocyte extravasation
49
What are the types of **pattern recognition receptors**
a. toll-like receptors b. scavenger receptors c. mannose receptors d. C-type lectin-like domain-containing receptors e. peptidoglycan recognition f. nucleotide-binding site – leucine-rich repeat receptors
50
Which cells produce IL-10
Th-2 T cells, B-cells, and Monocytes
51
What factor is activated when prekallikrein and cofactor high-molecular-weight kinogen contact a negatively charged surface
Factor XII
52
What are the **two phenotypes** of macrophages?
M1 and M2
53
What is **M1** activated by and what does it do?
Activated by infectious agents or proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-y of TNFa). They debride the affected site by phagocytosis of foreign material, pathogens, and damaged cells.
54
Once activated, what does **M1** produce?
Proinflammatory cytokines, prostaglandins, enhances immune response
55
What is **M2** activated by and what does it do?
Activated in response to anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-13, IL-10). Aids in wound repair and healing by secreting growth factors which stimulates fibroblasts to produce collagen, further dampening inflammatory response
LT Phase I
flashcards
Decks in class (65)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions