Chapter 1 - Introduction

Question 1

• branch of bology that deals with the principles of heredity and variation in all living things
• core of biological science
• impinges on other natural and behavioral sciences

Answer 1

genetics

Question 2

where is the name genetics from

Answer 2

Greek gen = to become or to grow

Question 3

• change in size
• only be seen in multicellular organisms

Answer 3

to grow

Question 4

• an organism will transform into something
• expression of trait leading to the change of the structure and physiology

Answer 4

to become

Question 5

accumulation of materials on the surface

Answer 5

accretion

Question 6

increase in the number of cells which will undergo differentiation

Answer 6

growth

Question 7

• passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another
• transmitted from one generation to another

Answer 7

heredity

Question 8

• biological differenes
• can be intraspecific / interspecific
• contribute to diversity

Answer 8

variation

Question 9

where does variation contribute to

Answer 9

diversity

Question 10

applications of genetics

Answer 10

1. plant and animal improvement
2. medicine
3. genetic counseling
4. legal applications
5. genetic engineering

Question 11

genetic engineering in genetics

Answer 11

• transgenics
• legal, social, environmental, and health implications
• ethical issues in biotechnology

Question 12

applications of biotechnology

Answer 12

1. paternity testing
2. forensics
3. gene clonings

Question 13

product of health medicine and biotechnology

Answer 13

1. insulin for diabetes
2. interferon for treating cancer
3. Hepatitis B vaccine

Question 14

environment and biotechnology

Answer 14

using living organisms to clean the environment

Question 15

branch of biotechnology that employs the use of living organisms, like microbes and bacteria to decontaminate affected areas

Answer 15

Bioremediation

Question 16

DNA sequences that can move locations within a genome

Answer 16

Transposable elements, or transposons

Question 17

other term for transposons

Answer 17

jumping genes

Question 18

who discovered the jumping genes in corn

Answer 18

Barbara McClintock (1940s)

Question 19

branch of biotechnology that employs the use of living organisms, like microbes and bacteria to decontaminate affected areas

Answer 19

Bioremediation

Question 20

GMOs

Answer 20

Genetically Modified Organisms

Question 21

group of soil microbes that are used to control certain insect pest

Answer 21

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)

Question 22

example of GMOs

Answer 22

• frost-resistant tomato with antifreeze gene from cold-water fish
• genetically modified strawberries still taste exactly the same but have rich blue color
• non-tear onion

Question 23

where is the antifreeze gene from frost-resistant tomatoes from

Answer 23

cold-water fish (trout)

Question 24

cellular evolution

Answer 24

• habitable world
• prebiotic synthesis
• polymers, vesicles
• protocells
• LUCA
• diversity of life

Question 25

- believed to be a part of a small group of humans who lived in Africa around the time of Idaltu skull - Mitochondrial DNA found in our cells is the genetic signature that has been passed from from mother to child

Answer 25

mitochondrial eve

Question 26

what can be traced back in humans to a single female

Answer 26

mtDNA

Question 27

year of the mitochondrial eve

Answer 27

~100 - 150,000 years ago

Question 28

All men living now, then, would have a Y chromosome descended from that one man

Answer 28

Y-chromosomal Adam

Question 29

place where the mitochondrial Eve lived

Answer 29

East Africa, region of Tanzania

Question 30

- technique that uses a gene(s) to treat, prevent or cure a disease or medical disorder. - Often works by adding new copies of a gene that is broken, or by replacing a defective or missing gene in a patient's cells with a healthy version of that gene

Answer 30

Gene therapy

Question 31

Gene therapy steps

Answer 31

1. cells are removed from patient 2. in laboratory, virus is altered so that it cant reproduce 3. gene is inserted to virus 4. altered virus is mixed with cells from patient 5. cells fom patient become genetically altered 6. altered cells are injected into patient 7. genetically altered cells produce desired hormone

Question 32

what corrects the stem cells of people suffering from sicke cell disease

Answer 32

beta-globin gene transfer from viral vectors

Question 33

- unique technology that enables geneticists and medical researchers to edit parts of the genome by removing, adding or altering sections of the DNA sequence - currently the simplest, most versatile and precise method of genetic manipulation and is therefore causing a buzz in the science world

Answer 33

CRISPR-Cas9

Question 34

- study of how your behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work - changes are reversible and do not change your DNA sequence, but they can change how your body reads a DNA sequence

Answer 34

Epigenetics

Question 35

case study #1

Answer 35

Case of the Telltale Paloverde

Question 36

case study #2

Answer 36

The OJ Simpson Case

Question 37

case study #3

Answer 37

The Golden State Killer