1
Q
The region between the thorax and pelvis
A
Abdominal
2
Q
The point of the shoulder
A
Acromial
3
Q
Antebrachial
A
The forearm
4
Q
Axillary
A
The armpit
5
Q
Brachial
A
The arm
6
Q
Buccal
A
The cheek
7
Q
Calcaneal
A
The heel
8
Q
Carpal
A
The wrist
9
Q
Celiac
A
The abdomen
10
Q
Cephalic
A
The head
11
Q
Cervical
A
The neck
12
Q
Costal
A
The ribs
13
Q
Coxal
A
The hip
14
Q
Crural
A
the leg
15
Q
Cubital
A
The elbow
16
Q
Digital
A
The finger or toe
17
Q
Dorsal
A
The back
18
Q
Femoral
A
The thigh
19
Q
Frontal
A
The forehead
20
Q
Genital
A
The external reproductive organs
21
Q
Gluteal
A
The buttocks
22
Q
Inguinal
A
The groin– the depressed area of the abdominal wall near the thigh
23
Q
Lumbar
A
The loin–the region of the lower back between the ribs and the pelvis
24
Q
Mammary
A
The breast
25
Mental
The chin
26
Nasal
The nose
27
Occipital
The lower posterior region of the head
28
Oral
The mouth
29
Orbital
The bony socket of the eye
30
Palmar
The palm
31
Patellar
The front of the knee
32
Pectoral
The anterior chest
33
Pedal
The foot
34
Pelvic
The pelvis
35
Perineal
The perineum- the inferior-most region of the trunk between the buttocks and the thighs
36
Plantar
The sole of the foot
37
Popliteal
The area behind the knee
38
Sacral
The posterior region between the hip bones
39
Sternal
The middle of the thorax, anteriorly
40
Sural
The calf of the leg
41
Tasral
The ankle
42
Umbilical
The navel
43
Vertebral
The spinal column
44
The body part is above another part (The thoracic cavity is _____ to the abdominopelvic cavity)
Superior
45
The body part is below another part (The neck is _____ to the head)
Inferior
46
Toward the front (The eyes are _____ to the brain)
Anterior (ventral)
47
Toward the back (The pharaynx is ____ to the oral cavity)
Posterior (dorsal)
48
An imaginary midline dividing the body into equal right and left halves. A body part is _____ if it is closer to midline than another part. (The nose is ____ to the eyes)
Medial
49
Means toward the side away from midline (The ears are ____ to the eyes)
Lateral
50
Refers to paired structures, one of which is on each side of the midline (The lungs are ______)
Bilateral
51
Refers to structures on the opposite side (A patient with a fractured bone in the right leg would have to bear weight on the _____)
Contralateral
52
Describes a body part that is closer to a point of attachment to the trunk than another body part is (The elbow is ____ to the wrist)
Proximal
53
Opposite of proximal. Means that a particular body part is farther from a point of attachment to the trunk than another body part. (The fingers are ____ to the wrist)
Distal
54
Means situated near the surface (The epidermus is the ________ of the skin)
Superficial
55
Describes parts that are more internal than superficial parts (The dermis is the ___ layer of the skin)
Deep
56
Refers to the structure on the same side (The right lung and right kidney are ______)
Ipsilateral
57
Refers to a lengthwise plane that divides the body into right and left portions.
Sagittal
58
If a sagittal plane passes along the midline and thus divides the body into eqaul parts it is called ____
Midsagittal
59
A sagittal section lateral to midline is called _________
Parasagittal
60
(horizontal) refers to a plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions
Transverse
61
(coronal) refers to a plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
Frontal
62
Front of the elbow
Antecubital
63
The study of the structures and functions of the human body
Human Anatomy and Physiology
64
The position the body is to be in for scientific study, standing erect or lying flat, arms to the side with palms facing forward
Anatomical position
65
Fluids and other substances found between cells
Intercellular fluid (extracellular fluid)
66
Fluids and substances found within a cell
Intracellular fluid
67
Having a stable/normal internal environment
Homeostasis
68
Ends of nerves that detect information about specific conditions in the internal environment and send that information to the central nervous system
Receptors
69
An organ or structure that causes responses that alter conditions in the internal environment
Examples) Muscles, organs, glands
Effector
70
The sum of all chemical reactions that take place in the body at a given time
Metabolism
71
Having blood vessels within the tissue
Vascular
72
Not having blood vessels within the tissue
Avascular
73
Reactions that take place using oxygen
Aerobic reactions
74
Reactions that take place without using oxygen
Anaerobic reactions
75
A suffix that refers to an enzyme
-ase
76
A suffix that refers to a sugar
-ose
77
A suffix that refers to inflammation
-itis
78
A suffix that refers to a cell
-cyte
79
Cartilage cell
Chondrocyte
80
Bone cell
Osteocyte
81
Adipocyte
Fat cell
82
Erythrocyte
Red blood cell
83
Leukocyte
White blood cells
84
Thrombocyte
Platlet
85
Small structures inside a cell that carry out specific functions to keep the cell in homeostasis
Organelles
86
The most basic unit of structure and function of all organisms
Cell
87
A group of cells similar in structure and function
Tissue
88
Structures within the body consist of a group of tissues with specialized functions
Organ
89
Scientific name for the sweat gland
Sudoriferous gland
90
Scientific name for the oil gland
Sebaceous gland
91
Anywhere 2 or more bones come together, usually allowing for movement (Examples: Elbow, knee)
Articulation (joint)
92
A type of connective tissue that connects one bone with another bone, forming an articulation
Ligament
93
A type of connective tissue that connects a muscle to a bone
Tendon
94
The production of blood cells from dividing stem cells in the red bone marrow
Hematopeisis
95
A type of gland that secretes its substance directly into the bloodstream
Endocrine gland
96
A type of gland that secretes its substances through a duct to the surface of a structure or body
Exocrine gland
97
Anatomy means
Structure
98
Physiology means
Function
99
Levels of organization of the human body
Smallest to Largest
Atoms
Molecules
Macromolecules
Organelles
Cells,
Tissues,
Organs,
Organ System,
Organism
100
Examples of Organelles
Mitochondria, Ribosomes, Nucleus, Lysosomes
101
Characteristics of Life
Reproduction
Resperiation
Responsiveness
Growth
Movement
Excretion
Circulation
Digestion
Absorbtion
Metabolism
102
Requirements of Organisms
Water, Food, Oxygen, Heat, Pressure
103
Definition of water
Plays a vital role in numerous bodily functions. Regulates temp, lubricates joints and tissues, transports nutrients and oxygen, and aids in waste removal. Protects organs and tissues, forms saliva, and is essential for various chemical reactions
104
Food definition
ATP + nutrients
105
Oxygen definition
Make ATP
106
Heat
Chemical Reactions in your body don't happen fast enough if you don't have heat
107
Pressure
To breathe 120/80 - blood pressure, if low, you can't get nutrients in and out of cells
108
Body Temperature High in Homeostasis
1.) Sweat glands "On"
2.) Blood vessels open up - dilate
3.) Respiration is high
4.) Heart contracts more slowly
109
Body Temperature Low in Homeostasis
1.) Sweat glands "off"
2.) Blood vessels get smaller - constrict
3.) Shivers
4.) Goosebumps
110
Internal fluid b/w cells that contains water, oxygen, and other nutrients
Extracellular fluid
111
Set Point
The set point is a specific value for a process that takes place in the body.
Example) Blood pressure 120/80 or Body Temp 98.6
112
Know Body Temp Regulation (Pages 12-14)
113
114
Open spaces in the human body that hold organs and other structures
Body Cavity
115
What are the Two Main Body Cavities?
1. Dorsal Cavity (Back)
2. Ventral Cavity (Belly)
116
What are the two subdivisions of the Dorsal Cavity?
1. Cranial cavity
2. Vertebral cavity
117
What is the location of the Cranial cavity, and what organs are found in it?
Brain
(Pituitary gland, Hypothalamus, Cerebrum, Cerebellum)
118
What is the location of the Vertebral Cavity?
Spinal cord
119
What are the three subdivisions in the ventral cavity?
1. Thoracic Cavity
2. Abdominal Cavity
3. Pelvic Cavity
120
What are the organs in the thoracic cavity?
Lungs, Thymus gland, Heart, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli, Esophagus
121
What are the organs in the Abdominal cavity?
Liver, Gallbladders, Stomach, Pancreas, Spleen, Small Intestines, Large Intestines, Kidney, Adrenal gland, Uterus, appendix
122
What are the organs in the Pelvic Cavity?
Urinary bladder, Rectum, Ovaries, and Testes
123
What is an area that separates the thoracic cavity into different regions?
Mediastinum
124
What are the organs/structures in the Mediastinum?
Heart, trachea, thymus, and esophagus
125
What are the smaller cavities found in the head?
Oral, Nasal, Orbital, Middle ear
126
__________ is internal organs of the body especially in the thoracic and abdominal.
Viscera
127
What are some visceral organs?
Stomach, lungs, heart, liver, kidneys
128
What is the difference between the parietal and visceral membranes?
Parietal- a membrane attached to the wall of the cavity
Visceral- Deeper, toward the interior, covers an internal organ such as a lung
129
What does the visceral pleura cover?
Each lung
130
What do the pericardial membranes cover?
Heart
131
What is the lining membrane in the abdominopelvic cavity called?
Parietal peritoneum
132
Mucous membrane definition
line any structure that opens up to the external environment
133
Serous membrane definition
do NOT open up to the external environment
134
Cutaneous membrane definition
skin
135
Synovial membrane definition
surrounds joints
136
Functions of membranes?
Holds organs in place, insulation, protection, keeps fluids inside specific areas, reduces friction between joints, and moistens passageways
137
What is negative feedback?
Returns to set point level
138
Two examples of negative feedback?
When the body temp begins to drop, the body begins to shiver. These muscular contractions produce heat, which helps warm the body.
If a person is overheated they begin to sweat, carrying heat away from the body
139
What is positive feedback?
changes cause additional similar changes, producing unstable conditions
140
Two examples of positive feedback?
In blood clotting, chemicals that carry out clotting stimulate more clotting, minimizing bleeding.
Uterine contractions during childbirth stimulate more contractions
141
Function of the integumentary system
-protect underlying tissues
-help regulate body temperature
-house many sensory receptors
-synthesize certain products
142
What does the integumentary system consist of?
skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands
143
What is the function of the skeletal system?
-provide frameworks and protective shields for softer tissues
-attachments for muscles
-act with muscles when body parts move
-tissues within bones produce blood cells and store inorganic salts
144
What does the skeletal system consist of?
bones, ligaments, cartilages, joints
145
What is the function of the muscular system?
-provide forces that move body parts
-main source of body heat
-maintain posture
146
What does the muscular system consist of?
Bicep brachii, cardiac muscles, smooth muscle (skeletal muscles)
147
What does the nervous system consist of?
brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs
148
Purpose of the nervous system?
communicate with each other (cells of the nervous system), muscles, and glands
- these detect changes inside/outside the body
receive/interpret/respond to info, stimulate
muscles/glands to contract or secrete a product
149
What does the endocrine system consist of?
hypothalamus; pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands; and the pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, and thymus
150
What is the purpose of the endocrine system?
secretes hormones
151
What does the cardiovascular system consist of?
heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood
152
What is the purpose of the cardiovascular system?
pumps blood throughout the body carrying gases, nutrients, hormones, wastes, and oxygen
153
What does the lymphatic system consist of?
lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, and a fluid called lymph
154
What is the purpose of the lymphatic system?
-transports tissue fluid back to the bloodstream and carries certain fatty substances away from digestive organs and into the bloodstream
-Lymphatic system cells (lymphocytes) defend the body against infection by removing bad things from the tissue fluid
155
What does the digestive system contain?
mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, and large intestine
156
What is the purpose of the digestive system?
breaks down food molecules into simpler forms that can pass through cell membranes and be absorbed into bodily fluids
157
What does the respiratory system consist of?
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
158
What is the purpose of the respiratory system?
moves air in and out of lungs and exchanges gases between the blood and the air
159
What does the female reproductive system consist of?
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva
160
What does the male reproductive system consist of?
scrotum, testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, penis, and urethra
161
What is the purpose of the female reproductive system?
-produce and maintain female sex cells and -transport them within the female reproductive tract
-receive male sex cells
-support the development of embryos, carries fetuses to term, and function in the birth process
162
What is the purpose of the male reproductive system?
-produce and maintain sperm cells
-transfer sperm cells into the female reproductive tract
163
What does the urinary system consist of?
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
164
What is the purpose of the urinary system?
-removes waste from blood and helps maintain the body water and electrolyte concentration
-stores urine and transports to outside of the body
165
How many bones are in the skull?
22
166
How many bones make up the facial bones?
14
167
How many bones make up the cranium?
8
168
How many sets of ribs are there?
12
169
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
170
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
171
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5
172
How many bones are in the vertebral column?
26
173
How many carpals are on one hand?
8
174
How many tarsals are in one foot?
7
175
How many bones in the human body
206
Anatomy
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