Voiced Sounds
sounds that occur when your vocal cords are vibrating. Ba is voiced. Pa is unvoiced
Short v Long VOT
if voicing (vibration) happens sooner, then it’s short VOT. “di”
If happens later, it’s long “ti”
Babbling in normal hearing and deaf babies. Bilingual?
- normal hearing- babble to practice language
- deaf infants- babble with hands, use basic gestures of ASL
- deaf infants with hearing patients aren’t exposed to ASL and can’t babble. Never fully fluent
- bilingual- hear both phonemic distinctions in languages
Phonemic Distinctions
can hear up until 6 months old
temporal lobe
- after, we lose ability to perceive acoustic distinctions in other languages. So its hard to learn another language
Sapir Whorf Hypothesis
Langauge determines thought. This is true
ex- woman learns pormpuraaw language and gains spatial understanding
ex- sommeliers learn to discriminate tastes better
What properties of language do prairie dogs share with us?
semantic, symbolic, rule bound, generative
Darwin’s Core set of emotions (5)
- structuralist idea
- are there primary emotions?
- universal across all humans
- emerge early in life
- for survival
fear
anger
sadness
joy
disgust - secondary emotions exist for social relations
At what age can babies spontaneously show all the basics of emotion?
10-12 months
By 2 years,
- express egocentric empathy until age 6
- show social emotions- guilt, embarrassment
When do they express egocentric empathy?
2-6 years old
Eckman’s Studies
- individually, Asians and Americans showed same intensity of emotion when watching movie
- when surrounded by culture, Americans amplified emotions, Asians inhibited theirs
- emotional dialects- emotional intensity of other cultures
James- Lange theory
- bodily sensations give rise to emotions
- if you see a bear, your heart pounding causes you to feel fear
Cannon-Bard theory
bodily and emotional/mental responses are separate but occur simultaneously
Somatic Markers
- sent by autonomic system
- act as “hunches”
- occur before behavior
- intuitive signals so we don’t repeat past mistakes
Incentives
external objects or goals that motivate behaviors
Extrinsic Motivation
directed toward an external goal, a reward. Medals, money
Intrinsic Motivation
value or pleasure associated. No obvious purpose other than enjoyment. Reading a book
Self determination theory
- extrinsic reward reduces intrinsic value
Self perception theory
people are unaware of their motives
Hyperphagia
- damage to middle of hypothalamus
- obese
Aphagia
- damage to outer region of hypothalamus
- weight loss and death
Hormones and Hunger
- leptin- travels to hypothalamus where it inhibits eating behavior
sensory-specific satiety
animals get tired of eating one food
