What are the two different schools of thought used to treat disorders?
Biological/ chemical therapies
“Talk” therapy and behavioral therapy
Combined for effectiveness
What is the goal of treatment and therapy?
To treat mental illness and foster mental health
Explain the earliest biology approach of psychological treatment for mental illness.
- trepanning- cut holes in skull to release evil spirits
- risk death
What is a frontal lobotomy?
- used in ’50s
- designed by Egas Moniz
- icepick inserted into eye sockets to severe frontal lobes
- leads to lethargy- lack of energy/enthusiasm
- very popular, 50,000 done
What is the more modern Electroconvulsive therapy?
- more modern
- shocks induce 25-120 second seizures/convulsions
- don’t know how it works
- works quickly
- Side effects- temporary memory loss for recent experiences, but recovered over time
- highly effective in treating severe depression that’s resistant to other treatments
Name 2 cutting edge therapies.
- TMS- transcranial magnetic stimulation
- DBS- deep brain stimulation
What is TMS?
- transcranial magnetic stimulation
- temporarily knockout function of brain areas
- TMS over frontal lobe treats severe depression
- can be used therapeutically
- fewer side effects than ECT
What is DBS?
- Deep brain stimulation
- plants electrodes in different parts of brain, electrical stimulates
- successful in treating motor symptoms of Parkinson’s
- Used experimentally in severe OCD, DBS of caudate nucleus successful for 2/3 of OCD patients
- tested for depression in nucleus accumbens
Which biological approach is more useful in treating severe depression?
- ECT treats, but has temporary memory loss
- TMS treats with fewer side effects than ECT
- DBS used experimentally to cure depression
What is the definition of pharmacological approaches?
classes of drugs that alter neurochemistry
What are the different pharmacological approaches?
- antipsychotics for schizophrenia
- antidepressants for depression
- mood stabilizers for bipolar disorder
- anti-anxiety drugs for anxiety disorders
What are antipsychotics for schizophrenia? What are the side effects?
- pharmacological approach for curing schizophrenia
- dopamine antagonist- blocks dopamine receptors
- effective
- side effects: long term use of psychiatric drugs causes tar dive dyskinesia (involuntary movements), motor tics, pseudoparkinsonism- motor restlessness, tremors
What are antidepressants for depression? What are the side effects?
- SSRIS- serotonin reuptake inhibitors
- side effects- weight gain, loss of sex drive
- in future, ketamine may be used to treat depression
What are mood stabilizers for bipolar disorder? What are the side effects?
- lithium (drug used as MS) decreases norepinephrine, slows neurotransmission
- side effects- thirst, memory problems, compliance problems- they miss hypomania
- anti epileptic medication used for treatment. Also slows down neurotransmission and has fewer side effects
What are anti-anxiety drugs for anxiety disorders?
- GABA agonists- increase how much neurotransmitter is made
- useful for short term therapy because they’re addictive
In what circumstances are medications successful?
- standard treatment for disorders
- when combined with cognitive or behavioral therapy
What is insight therapy?
- part of Freud’s psychoanalysis approach
- verbal interactions between therapist and client lead to enhanced self-knowledge and produce psychological change
What is psychoanalysis? What is its purpose?
- produced by Freud
- purpose- to discover unconscious conflicts and motives that cause symptoms
- free association “slips of the tongue”- patients talk about anything that comes to their head
- Dream analysis- talk about dreams and symbols
- Transference- patients treat therapists like previous important relationship. Transfer conflicts/ prior history onto therapist
- ineffective for mental disorders. Good for gaining self-knowledge/insight
What types of things occur in psychoanalysis?
- transference
- dream analysis
- free association until patient has “slips of the tongue”
Who has the power in Freud’s psychoanalysis?
- therapist has all the answers because they interpret their dreams
What three types of talking cures are there?
- Freud’s psychoanalysis
- Client centered/ humanist (Rogerian therapy)
- cognitive therapies
What is client centered/humanist talking cure? What’s its purpose?
- purpose- lead to self awareness and self acceptance
- therapists reflect back what client said to enable clarification
- therapist provides supportive environment , positive regard for client
- ineffective for mental disorders. Used for temporary stressors (divorce, death)
What are two takes on the cognitive therapies?
cognitive therapy
rational/emotive therapy
What is the goal of cognitive/rational emotive therapy?
- alter way patient is thinking
- lead to rational thoughts and perceptions of self and problems
- if you get people’s thought patterns to be more rational, help reduce stressor (depression/ anxiety)
