Chapter 10 Lecture

Question 1

carbohydrates

Answer 1

• these are often found within our starches & sugars
• these are also seen within plants during photosynthesis
• they help PROVIDE ENERGY + USED TO STORE ENERGY
• our STORED CARBS = (once broken down) = help CREATE ENERGY!

Question 2

how do we classify carbs?

Answer 2

• monosaccharides
• oligosaccharides
• polysaccharides

Question 3

monosaccharides

Answer 3

• mono = one
• the building blocks to create other carbohydrates

Question 4

oligosaccharides

Answer 4

• yield/contain 2-10 monosaccharide residues

Question 5

polysaccharides

Answer 5

• poly = many
• yield/contains 10+
  monosaccharide residues
• gives structural strength
• stores energy

Question 6

what are monosaccharides?

Answer 6

• polyhydroxylated ALDEHYDES or KETONES
  *contains 3 or more C atoms

Question 7

classification of monosaccharides

Answer 7

• can be classified by functional group
  ALDOSES - aldehydes
  KETOSES - ketones

Question 8

carbon atom suffixes

Answer 8

triose - 3
tetrose - 4
pentose - 5
hexose - 6
heptose - 7
octose - 8
nonose - 9

Question 9

stereoisomers

Answer 9

• have the same MOLECULAR FORMULA
• have the same ATOMIC CONNECTIONS
• have a different 3-D SHAPE
• can only be INTERCHANGED BY BREAKING BONDS

Question 10

cis isomer

Answer 10

functional groups (substituents) that are on the SAME SIDE of some plane

Question 11

trans isomers

Answer 11

functional groups (substituents) that are on the OPPOSING/TRANSVERSE sides

Question 12

enantiomer

Answer 12

non-superimposable mirror image forms of a molecule
- can only be INTERCONVERTED by BREAKING BONDS
- also called CHIRAL MOLECULES

Question 13

chiral c atoms

Answer 13

C atom that is attached to 4 different atoms/groups of atoms

Question 14

fischer projections

Answer 14

• basic drawings or representations of chiral molecules
• horizontal lines: TOWARD the viewer
• vertical line: AWAY from the viewer

Question 15

D or L sugars

Answer 15

• monosaccharides can be classified through placement of -OH (also known as D or L sugars)

Question 16

D sugars

Answer 16

-OH group attached to the chiral carbon atom FURTHEST from the carbonyl points to the RIGHT

Question 17

L sugars

Answer 17

-OH group attached to the chiral carbon atom FURTHEST from the carbonyl points to the LEFT

Question 18

D-glucose

Answer 18

• known as dextrose/blood sugar
• composed of starch & glycogen

Question 19

D-galactose

Answer 19

• combines with glucose; makes lactose

Question 20

D-fructose

Answer 20

• also known as “fruit sugar’
• the most ABUNDANT ketose
• is a source of energy

Question 21

Deoxy sugars

Answer 21

• -OH group of a monosaccharide is replaced by H

Question 22

Amino sugars

Answer 22

-OH group of a monosaccharide replaced by an amino -NH2 group

Question 23

Alcohol sugars

Answer 23

carbonyl group of a monosaccharide REDUCED to an alcohol group

Question 24

carboxylic acid sugars

Answer 24

aldehyde or -OH group OXIDIZED to form a carboxyl group

Question 25

reduction

Answer 25

C=O of an aldehyde or ketone (w/ the presence of H2 or Pt) becomes an ALCOHOL

Question 26

oxidation

Answer 26

Enzymes catalyze the oxidation of aldehydes and alcohol groups of monosaccharides to form carboxylic acid sugars

Question 27

benedict's reagent

Answer 27

- oxidizes aldehydes - (+) test: reducing sugars - sugar: being oxidized, while copper is reduced

Question 28

hemiacetal form

Answer 28

cyclic form of monosaccharides *alcohol group reacts with aldehyde or ketone

Question 29

name of two cyclic forms

Answer 29

alpha anomer beta anomer

Question 30

alpha anomer

Answer 30

C #1 -OH - pointing DOWN

Question 31

beta anomer

Answer 31

C #1 - OH - pointing UP

Question 32

full name of monosaccharide

Answer 32

- specifies alpha & beta - ring size - also D or L sugars

Question 33

6 membered ring

Answer 33

pyranose

Question 34

5 membered ring

Answer 34

furanose

Question 35

what do two glucose molecules create?

Answer 35

creation of a GLYCOSIDIC BOND or aka MALTOSE (dissaccharide)

Question 36

how to name glycosidic bonds

Answer 36

- through alpha and beat anomers - **only use both alpha and beta within name if both are ANOMERIC CARBONS!!!!!!!!!!

Question 37

anomeric carbon

Answer 37

always on the RIGHT SIDE OF THE OXYGEN

Question 38

homopolysaccharides

Answer 38

contains one type of monosaccharide *most common

Question 39

heteropolysaccharides

Answer 39

contains more than one type of monosaccharide

Question 40

cellulose

Answer 40

- type of poly. - important in plant structure - humans do not have proper enzymes to HYDROLYZE cellulose

Question 41

starch

Answer 41

- type of poly. - energy storage for plants - coiled structure due to alpha (1 to 4) glycosidic bond

Question 42

glycogen

Answer 42

- "animal starch" - energy storage molecule