Chapter 14 Lecture

Question 1

anabolism

Answer 1

the biosynthesis of LARGER CMPDS FROM SMALLER CMPDS.
- typically REDUCTIVE (addition of electrons)
- ENERGY REQUIRED

Question 2

catabolism

Answer 2

• LARGER CMPDS. BROKEN DOWN into SMALLER CMPDS.
• energy RELEASED
• OXIDATIVE (release of electrons)

Question 3

linear

Answer 3

• a CONTINUOUS LINE of SERIES of RXNS
• PRODUCT of one reaction is REACTANT in other
  ex. glycolysis

Question 4

circular

Answer 4

• series of rxns. where FINAL PRODUCT is the INITIAL REACTANT
  ex. Krebs cycle

Question 5

spiral

Answer 5

• series of REPEATED REACTIONS used to BREAK or MAKE a MOLECULE
  ex. fatty acids degradation

Question 6

spontaneous or favorable reaction

Answer 6

• CONTINUES ITSELF ONCE STARTED
• energy is RELEASED (-deltaG)

Question 7

nonspontaneous or unfavorable reaction

Answer 7

• WILL NOT TAKE PLACE UNLESS IT IS COUPLED !!
• with a SPONTANEOUS OR FAVORABLE RXN.

Question 8

coupled reaction

Answer 8

paired nonspon. + spon. rxn

Question 9

in a coupled rxn…?

Answer 9

• spontaneous rxn PROVIDES ENERGY NEEDED by a nonspontaneous or favorable one
  ex. forming ATP (+deltaG)

Question 10

catabolism and anabolism linked through?

Answer 10

• through ATP and HYDROLYSIS

Question 11

in ATP:

Answer 11

• the energy is then STORED into a PHOSPHODIESTER BOND - HIGH ENERGY BOND

Question 12

catabolism always begins with?

Answer 12

digestion

Question 13

starch digestion

Answer 13

• begins within the MOUTH
• starch amylase CATALYZES the HYDROLYSIS of alpha (1-4) GLYCOSIDIC BONDS
• other remaining starch is broken in the SMALL INTEST.

Question 14

triglyceride digestion

Answer 14

• needs the EMULSFICATION OF TRIGLYCERIDES by BILE SALTS
• often broken down in the SMALL INTEST.
• FATTY ACIDS are RELEASED

Question 15

protein digestion

Answer 15

• begins in the STOMACH
• the enzyme PEPSIN CATALYZES HYDROLYSIS of PEPTIDE BONDS
• SMALL INTEST- rest of peptide bonds
• AMINO ACIDS RELEASED, then absorbed into blood

Question 16

glycolysis

Answer 16

the breakdown of GLUCOSE into PYRUVATE
- is a 10 STEP LINEAR PATHWAY/UNIVERSAL PATHWAY
- occurs in CELL CYTOPLASM
1 glucose — 2 pyruvates + 2 ATP + 2 NADH

Question 17

glycolysis steps 1-5

Answer 17

• known as the PREP or INVESTMENT PHASE
• because of the INPUT OF ENERGY
• will require 2 ATP
  based with the conversion of 1 GLUCOSE into 2 GLYCERALDEHYDE 3-PHOSPHATES

Question 18

glycolysis steps 6-10

Answer 18

• called the PAY-OFF PHASE
• production of FOUR ATP and 2 NADH
• production of 2 PYRUVATE

Question 19

glycolysis step 3

Answer 19

• the MAIN REG. STEP
• ATP becomes a NEG. EFFECTOR for PFK
  because of cell energy “rich” - GLYCOLYSIS TURNED OFF
• ADP becomes a POST. EFFECTOR
  because of cell energy “poor” - GLYCOLYSIS TURNED ON

Question 20

what does anaerobic conditions lead to?

Answer 20

LACTATE FORMATION
- due to vigorous exercise

Question 21

what happens to lactate produced in the muscles?

Answer 21

• beings with the CORI CYCLE
  1. LACTATE goes into BLOOD and sent to LIVER
  2. LIVER: LACTATE - PYRUVATE
  3. PYRUVATE goes through GLUCONEOGENSIS
  4. GLUCOSE goes into BLOOD and MUSCLES
  5. GLUCOSE - PYRUVATE *glycolysis
  6. PYRUVATE - LACTATE
  repeat

Question 22

what does aerobic condtions lead to?

Answer 22

acetyl-CoA formation
- PYRUVATE converted into acetyl-CoA

Question 23

gluconeogenesis

Answer 23

the making of GLUCOSE from LACTATE or some AMINO ACIDS
- occurs in LIVER and DURING EXERCISE
- also occurs during FASTING or EARLY STAGES of STARVATION
- *glucose - brain fuel

Question 24

what happens to acetyl-Coa once formed?

Answer 24

enters the CITRIC ACID CYCLE/TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE/KREBS CYCLE
- 8 step circular path
- C ATOMS in acetyl group - FULLY OXIDIZED