Chapter 11

Question 1

What are the effectors of the ANS? (4)

Answer 1

Smooth muscles, Cardiac muscles, and adipose tissue, glands

Question 2

What is the neural pathway of the ANS? (start with the hypothalamus and end at the effector)

Answer 2

1. Hypothalamus
2. Then it synapses with the preganglionic neurons in the brainstem or spinal cord
3. Which then synapses with the autonomic ganglionic neurons outside of the CNS
4. Then it goes through the postganglionic fiber of the autonomic ganglionic neurons to the effector

Question 3

What are the 3 groups of sympathetic ganglia? What does each innervate?

Answer 3

1. Sympathetic chain ganglion- Pupil (focuses and opens the pupil), Heart (increases heart rate), Respiratory system (opens bronchial in lungs and increases oxygen uptake), Constricts blood vessels, sweat glands of face trunk and limbs, does arrector pili muscles (goose bumps)
2. Collateral ganglia- Innervates the stomach and abdominal cavity organs
3. Adrenal medulla- innervates the adrenal medulla

Question 4

How does the adrenal medulla contribute to sympathetic function?

Answer 4

It secretes norepinephrine and epinephrine into the bloodstream and causes a widespread response even in tissues not innervated by sympathetic postganglionic fibers. EFFECTS LAST LONG

Question 5

What are the 4 cranial nerves that synapse with the parasympathetic ganglia? AND which ganglia does it synapse with?

Answer 5

Oculomotor nerve- Ciliary
Facial nerve- Pterygopalatine, submandibular
Glossopharyngeal nerve- Otic
Vagus nerve- Intramural

Question 6

What are the general effectors for Sympathetic chain ganglion parasympathetic ganglia?

Answer 6

Sympathetic chain ganglion: Pupils, heart, respiratory system, blood vessels, sweat glands on face, trunk, and limbs, arrector pili muscle

Question 7

What are the 3 ways that the sympathetic nervous system causes widespread and lingering effects?

Answer 7

1. one preganglionic neuron stimulation usually synapses with many ganglionic neurons and causes a widespread response to many organs
2. Happens in the adrenal medulla and secretes norepinephrine and epinephrine into the bloodstream and creates a widespread effect and lingers
3. Varicosities, when a nerve is stimulated it goes to the varicosities and releases norepinephrine and goes and does its thing

Question 8

What is the function of the ENS (enteric nervous system)?

Answer 8

control the digestive system by regulating movements of the gastrointestinal tract, controls gland secretion and smooth muscle contraction, vagus nerve innervates it and can work on its own from the CNS. BRAIN OF THE GUT

Question 9

What division is the ENS (enteric nervous system) under?

Answer 9

THE ANS (autonomic nervous system)

Question 10

What neurotransmitter is ALWAYS used between the preganglionic neuron and the ganglionic neuron in the sympathetic division?

Answer 10

Acetylcholine called cholinergic because it uses acetylcholine

Question 11

What neurotransmitter is ALWAYS used between the postganglionic fiber and the target organ cells?

Answer 11

Norepinephrine called adrenergic because it uses norepinephrine

Question 12

What are adrenergic receptors (alpha and beta)?

Answer 12

They are adrenergic receptors and are found in the sympathetic nervous system. Metabotropic (uses G protein). Beta receptors inhibit cAMP and relaxes bronchial smooth muscles

Question 13

What neurotransmitter binds to alpha and beta adrenergic receptors?

Answer 13

Alpha: norepinephrine and epinephrine

Beta: norepinephrine and epinephrine

Question 14

How do alpha and beta adrenergic receptors respond to the neurotransmitter that binds to it?

Answer 14

Alpha: EXCITES OR INHIBITS, contracts smooth muscles, glycogenolysis, secretes saliva, decreases insulin levels

Beta: increases cardiac muscle activity and relaxes bronchiole smooth muscles, and is an agonist to albuterol. INHIBITS OR EXCITES

Question 15

Define nicotinic receptors

Answer 15

It is an ionotropic receptor (a channel) and is an excitable receptor

Question 16

What neurotransmitter binds to nicotinic receptors? How does it respond?

Answer 16

Acetylcholine ALWAYS USES IT

It responds in an excitable way

Question 17

Define muscarinic receptors

Answer 17

Where the receptor binds to it and uses a G protein and uses cascade effects to do its thing

Question 18

What neurotransmitter binds to muscarinic receptors? How does it respond?

Answer 18

Acetylcholine

Response: Have long lasting effects but ALWAYS EXCITE OR INHIBIT

Question 19

What are varicosities?

Answer 19

They are packed with neurotransmitters and release them when they are stimulated by a nerve

Question 20

What is dual innervation and autonomic tone?

Answer 20

One structure or organ that is innervated by BOTH systems (sympathetic and parasympathetic)

Question 21

Why is dual innervation important?

Answer 21

Helps keep us in homeostasis by opposing effects (one increases heart rate, the other decreases heart rate), and by complementary or separate responses (one secretes sweat in arms and the other one doesn’t)

Question 22

Why is autonomic tone important?

Answer 22

It is important because it helps us quickly respond to a crisis when we are in a resting state and dual innervation is involved. (acetylcholine and norepinephrine are secreted constantly in the heart and ready for when a crisis arrives)

Question 23

Here are descriptions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic system. Label the descriptions with S (for sympathetic) and P (for parasympathetic). to determine which system the belong to.

1. _____ innervates the adrenal medulla which secretes adrenalin
2. _____ promotes peristalsis
3. _____ fatty acids are released from adipocytes
4. _____ glucose is stored as glycogen within the muscle and liver cells
5. _____ craniosacral division
6. _____ thoracolumbar division
7. _____ ACh used for all synapses, both pre and post ganglionic
8. _____ increases heart rate
9. _____ increases muscle tone
10. _____ blood filtration in the kidneys
11. _____ vasoconstriction in skin arterioles
12. _____ uses 4 cranial nerves as motor pathways
13. _____ digestive and urinary system blood vessels constrict and sphincters close
14. _____ insensitivity to pain and disregard to danger
15. _____ sweating
16. _____ anabolic system
17. _____ reduced metabolic rate (overall)
18. _____ causes a widespread response using norepinephrine and epinephrine in the blood stream
19. _____ vasodilation in the skeletal muscles
20. _____ relaxation of smooth muscle in the bronchioles
21. _____ salivation
22. _____ pupil constriction
23. _____ spermatogenesis (production of sperm)
24. _____ β1 adrenergic receptors activated to stimulate the heart muscle
25. _____ muscarinic receptors activated to inhibit the heart muscle

Answer 23

1. __S___ innervates the adrenal medulla which secretes adrenalin
2. __P___ promotes peristalsis
3. ___S__ fatty acids are released from adipocytes
4. ____P_ glucose is stored as glycogen within the muscle and liver cells
5. __P___ craniosacral division
6. __S___ thoracolumbar division
7. ___P__ ACh used for all synapses, both pre and post ganglionic
8. __S___ increases heart rate
9. ___S__ increases muscle tone
10. ___P__ blood filtration in the kidneys
11. __S___ vasoconstriction in skin arterioles
12. __P___ uses 4 cranial nerves as motor pathways
13. ___S__ digestive and urinary system blood vessels constrict and sphincters close
14. ___S__ insensitivity to pain and disregard to danger
15. ___S__ sweating
16. __P___ anabolic system
17. ___P__ reduced metabolic rate (overall)
18. __S___ causes a widespread response using norepinephrine and epinephrine in the blood stream
19. __S___ vasodilation in the skeletal muscles
20. ___S__ relaxation of smooth muscle in the bronchioles
21. __P___ salivation
22. ___P__ pupil constriction
23. ___P__ spermatogenesis (production of sperm)
24. __S___ β1 adrenergic receptors activated to stimulate the heart muscle
25. __P___ muscarinic receptors activated to inhibit the heart muscle

Question 24

What do the varicosities release in sympathetic ganglion and parasympathetic ganglion?

Answer 24

Sympathetic: Norepinephrine

Parasympathetic: Acetylcholine

Question 25

What are the general effectors for adrenal medulla parasympathetic ganglia?

Answer 25

Adrenal medulla

Question 26

What are the general effectors for collateral chain ganglion parasympathetic ganglia?

Answer 26

liver, gallbladder, pancreas, stomach, large and small intestine, and reproductive organs

Question 27

Here is the alpha 2 receptor and it is decreasing insulin release, because of that are we in parasympathetic or sympathetic?

Answer 27

Sympathetic in flight or fight because it is an adrenergic receptor

Question 28

what neurotransmitter does every neuron release in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 28

ACETYLCHOLINE

Question 29

What is the autonomic tone?

Answer 29

Always have a low level of activity going on in the background even in a resting state.