Chapter 16

Question 1

What is the temperature of blood?

Answer 1

100.4 degrees F or 38 degrees C

Question 2

how does the temperature of blood contribute to thermoregulation?

Answer 2

It distributes heat throughout the body when you might be too hot or too cold

Question 3

What is the pH of blood?

Answer 3

7.35- 7.45

Question 4

What are the 3 formed elements of blood?

Answer 4

1. Red blood cells
2. White blood cells or leukocytes
3. platelets or thrombocytes

Question 5

Why are the 3 formed elements called “formed elements”?

Answer 5

because they are all formed in the bone marrow by the same stem cell

Question 6

What contributes most to blood viscosity?

Answer 6

The amount of Blood cells and plasma proteins

Question 7

Name the blood forming tissue from where all blood cells come from

Answer 7

Bone Marrow

Question 8

What is the function of fibrinogen?

Answer 8

Helps with forming blood clots. Does this by converting to fibrin. Forms basic clot framework

Question 9

What is the function of globulin?

Answer 9

They help transport metals, lipids, steroid-binding proteins, and hemoglobin. They also are antibodies that help with immunity

Question 10

What is the function of albumin?

Answer 10

It helps transport stuff throughout the bloodstream, manages pH levels, thickens blood, and does colloid osmotic pressure ( attracts stuff into blood plasma)

Question 11

Why do mature erythrocyte cells lack mitochondria? (red blood cells)

Answer 11

Because it protects oxygen from being used for energy production

Question 12

How does having no mitochondria affect energy production in erythrocyte cells? (blood cells)

Answer 12

They are unable to get energy from the oxidative cycle via aerobic energy. So it relies on the breakdown of glucose and anaerobic energy.

Question 13

What 2 hormones stimulate (activate) erythropoiesis?

Answer 13

1. Erythropoietin
2. thyroid hormones

Question 14

What is the function of hemoglobin?

Answer 14

It carries oxygen in the red blood cell

Question 15

Where is the location of hemoglobin?

Answer 15

In red blood cells

Question 16

How much hemoglobin is there on red blood cells/ in the body?

Answer 16

270 million hemoglobin in ONE RED BLOOD CELL

Question 17

Explain the structure of hemoglobin

Answer 17

Each hemoglobin molecule has 4 polypeptide chains

• Each polypeptide chain contains a single heme molecule
• Each heme molecule has one iron molecule
• and each iron molecule has one oxygen molecule

Question 18

How much oxygen can one hemoglobin carry?

Answer 18

4 oxygen molecules

Question 19

How are red blood cells disposed of in hemolysis? (5 steps)

Answer 19

1. Red blood cells get tagged
2. liver and spleen break down Red blood cells
3. albumin transports the bilirubin (heme) through the bloodstream
4. bilirubin is then excreted
5. Bilirubin is converted to stercobilin and urobilin

Question 20

What are the products when red blood cells are broken down during hemolysis? (3)

Answer 20

1. Heme
2. Amino acids
3. Iron

Question 21

What can be recycled during hemolysis? (2)

Answer 21

1. Amino Acids
2. Iron

Question 22

What is considered waste during hemolysis?

Answer 22

HEME

Question 23

Explain the process of bilirubin

Answer 23

When a red blood cells is broken down the heme is converted to biliverdin then to bilirubin. Then it is transported and excreted into bile.

Question 24

Explain the process of bilirubin excretion

Answer 24

Once heme is converted to bilirubin albumin takes to through the body to be excreted into bile. It is excreted into stercobilin (poop) or urobilin (pee). If there is a build up in it then is causes jaundice

Question 25

What happens in vascular phase of hemostasis (blood clotting)?

Answer 25

The vessel contracts to decrease the diameter of the vessel. And the endothelial cells release chemicals to speed up the repair process and help the membrane become sticky.

Question 26

What 2 things happen during the vascular phase?

Answer 26

1. Vascular spasm (where the vessel constricts to constrict blood flow) 2. The endothelial plasma membrane becomes sticky (spread the adhesion proteins across it so they can get platelets to stick better)

Question 27

What chemicals modulate (help out) the 2 things happening during the vascular phase?

Answer 27

The endothelins

Question 28

What is platelet aggregation?

Answer 28

Where platelets that are already attached and trying to stop the bleeding release chemicals to attract and call over more platelets to get a better clot going.

Question 29

What happens in platelet phase of hemostasis (blood clotting)?

Answer 29

Where platelets attach to sticky endothelial and create a platelet plug

Question 30

What is the difference in the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway during the coagulation phase

Answer 30

Intrinsic: It is the contact activation pathway that does it when collagen is exposed. does a cascade effect to activate factor X Extrinsic: It is the cell injury pathway and is a more direct and shorter pathway the TF complex activated factor X no cascade effect needed

Question 31

Where do the intrinsic and extrinsic start during the coagulation phase?

Answer 31

Intrinsic: when blood comes into contact with a damaged blood vessel wall, specifically with exposed collagen fibers Extrinsic: The extrinsic pathway begins when there is injury to the endothelial tissue (i.e., skin tissue), exposing tissue factor (factor III) to the blood

Question 32

What is the common pathway step by step in the coagulation phase? (start with factor X) (5)

Answer 32

1. Begins when enzymes from either the intrinsic or extrinsic pathways activated Factor X 2. Prothrombinase in formed by Factor X 3. Prothrombinase converts prothrombin to thrombin 4. Thrombin either goes back to intrinsic pathway as a positive feedback thing OR thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin 5. factor VII stabilizes the fibrin clot

Question 33

What is the von willebrand factor?

Answer 33

helps platelets stick together and adhere to the walls of blood vessels at the site of a wound

Question 34

What happens if the von willebrand factor is absent (gone)?

Answer 34

The platelets would not be able to stick together and stick to the walls of the blood vessels. Which would cause bleed to persist and it would be bad.

Question 35

What is affected in hemophilia A and hemophilia B?

Answer 35

hemophilia A: It is a mutation of factor VII (8), X recessive gene link by mom hemophilia B: It is a mutation of factor IX (9), X recessive gene link by mom

Question 36

What is jaundice? (How does it happen?)

Answer 36

It is the excess of blood bilirubin in your blood that causes you to be yellow. The body is unable to excrete the bilirubin and causes the build up

Question 37

Why does jaundice happen?

Answer 37

When there is too much bilirubin in the blood

Question 38

Why might a patient might need intravenous albumin?

Answer 38

Because they cannot reabsorb stuff properly or they are losing liquid too fast and need a higher reabsorption rate. BURN VICTIMS NEED THIS

Question 39

What is hypoalbuminemia?

Answer 39

Too low of levels of alumina in the blood

Question 40

What charge does albumin carry to be a buffer?

Answer 40

It needs to be a negative charge

Question 41

What happens in coagulation phase of hemostasis (blood clotting)?

Answer 41

It is a cascade reaction that ends in the conversion of fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin

Question 42

What happens in clot retraction phase of hemostasis (blood clotting)?

Answer 42

Pulls the torn edges of vessels closer together to reduce bleeding

Question 43

What happens in fibrinolysis phase of hemostasis (blood clotting)?

Answer 43

It dissolves the clot slowly and the plasmin digests the fibrin strands