define the terms acid, base and pH
Discuss the principle ways that hydrogen ions are produced during exercise
1) increase production of carbon dioxide
2) increase production of lactic acid
3) release of H+ ions during the breakdown of ATP
discuss the importance of acid-base regulation to exercise performance
h+ interact with molecules and alter shape and function decrease enzyme activity
h+ decrease ATP production and hinders contractility process
failure to maintain acid-base homeostasis during exercise can impair performance by inhibiting metabolic pathways responsible for the production of ATP or by interfering with the contractile process in the working muscle
list the principal intracellular and extracellular buffers
intracellular buffers
- first line of defence in muscle fibers
main ones are
- bicarbonate
- phosphates
- cellular proteins
- histidine-dipeptides
1) numbers chemical buffers to eliminate H+
2) sarcolemma contain 2 transporters to move H+ to interstitial space
extra cellular buffers
1) protein
2) hemoglobin
3) bicarbonate
explain the role of respiration in regulation of acid-base status during exercise
respiratory control of acid-base balance involes the regulation of pCO2
increase in PCO2 lowers pH and increase PCO2 increase pH
pulmonary ventilation can remove CO2 from the body and this eliminate hydrogen ions and increase pH
outline the interaction between intracellular/extracellular buffers and the respiratory system in acid-base regulation during exercise
first line of defence is the intracellular buffers ( muscle itself) , during exercise muscle buffer systems act rapidly to buffer hydrogen ions and prevent significant decline in muscle pH
the second line of defence against exercise-induced acidosis is the blood buffer system (extracellular buffers) which include bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein buffers
acid
acidosis
alkalosis
base
buffer
hydrogen ion
ion
missing e or extra e
pH
respiratory compensation
Respiratory compensation is the adjustment of ventilation to maintain acid–base balance. When blood becomes too acidic, the lungs increase ventilation to expel more CO₂. Removing CO₂ decreases carbonic acid and lowers H⁺ concentration, helping restore normal blood pH.
strong acids
strong bases
“Define the terms acid, base, buffer, acidosis, alkalosis, and pH.
Graph the pH scale. Label the pH values that represent normal arterial and intracellular pH.
normal pH is around 7.4
List and briefly discuss the major sources of hydrogen ions produced in the muscle during exercise.
increase in PCO2 ( carbonic acid), increase in lactate, ATP breakdown and release of H+
Why is the maintenance of acid-base homeostasis important to physical performance?”
to maintain pH and reduce the body from reaching an acidosis state
“Discuss both the intracellular and extracellular buffer mechanisms that protect against exercise-induced acidosis. What are the principal buffer systems and hydrogen ion transporters found in each of these lines of defense?
primary defence is in the muscle itself - intracellular
- bicarbonate
- phsophates
- proteins
caronsine
- removal of H+ through buffers
secondary defence is extracellular in the blood buffering system
- respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis - bicarbonate
- phosphates
- proteins
Discuss respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis. What would happen to blood pH if an individual began to hyperventilate at rest? Why?
if an individual began to hyperventilate the ventilation would remove more PCO2 from the body and decrease the pH
Briefly outline how the body resists pH change during exercise. Include in your outline both the cellular and blood buffer systems.”
