chapter 11 personality

Question 1

What is personality? | An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking

Answer 1

feeling

Question 2

What is the psychodynamic perspective on personality? | Personality is shaped by unconscious motives and conflicts.

Question 3

Who is Sigmund Freud? | Founder of psychoanalysis and psychodynamic theory.

Question 4

What are the three components of Freud’s personality model? | Id

Answer 4

ego

Question 5

What is the id? | The unconscious

Answer 5

pleasure-seeking part of personality.

Question 6

What is the ego? | The rational part that mediates between id and reality.

Question 7

What is the superego? | The internalized moral standards and ideals.

Question 8

What are defense mechanisms? | Unconscious strategies used by the ego to reduce anxiety.

Question 9

Give examples of common defense mechanisms. | Repression

Answer 9

denial

Question 10

What is Freud’s psychosexual theory of development? | Personality develops through stages: oral

Answer 10

anal

Question 11

What is the Oedipus complex? | In the phallic stage

Answer 11

a child’s unconscious sexual desire for the opposite-sex parent.

Question 12

Who is Carl Jung? | Psychologist who emphasized collective unconscious and archetypes.

Question 13

What is the collective unconscious? | Shared

Answer 13

universal reservoir of memories and archetypes across humans.

Question 14

Who is Alfred Adler? | Psychologist emphasizing the role of social interest and striving for superiority in personality.

Question 15

Who is Karen Horney? | Psychologist criticizing Freud

Answer 15

highlighting social and cultural factors in personality.

Question 16

What is the humanistic perspective on personality? | Focuses on conscious experiences

Answer 16

free will

Question 17

Who is Carl Rogers? | Psychologist known for person-centered theory and self-concept.

Question 18

What is self-concept? | Our understanding and evaluation of who we are.

Question 19

What is unconditional positive regard? | Accepting and valuing a person without conditions.

Question 20

What is conditional positive regard? | Acceptance depends on meeting certain conditions or expectations.

Question 21

What is the trait perspective? | Personality is made up of stable

Answer 21

enduring characteristics called traits.

Question 22

Who is Gordon Allport? | Psychologist who identified thousands of personality traits.

Question 23

Who is Hans Eysenck? | Proposed three major dimensions of personality: extraversion

Answer 23

neuroticism

Question 24

What are the Big Five personality traits? | Openness

Answer 24

conscientiousness

Question 25

What is social-cognitive theory of personality? | Personality is influenced by interactions between personal

Answer 25

behavioral

Question 26

Who is Albert Bandura in personality psychology? | Emphasized reciprocal determinism and self-efficacy.

Question 27

What is reciprocal determinism? | The interaction of behavior

Answer 27

personal factors

Question 28

What is locus of control? | Belief about whether outcomes are controlled internally or externally.

Question 29

What is the difference between internal and external locus of control? | Internal: outcomes result from own actions; External: outcomes result from chance or outside forces.

Question 30

What is temperament? | Biologically based tendencies to feel or act in certain ways.

Question 31

What is the difference between personality and temperament? | Temperament is innate; personality includes learned traits and experiences.

Question 32

What is a personality assessment? | Methods for evaluating an individual’s traits

Answer 32

motives

Question 33

What are objective personality tests? | Standardized questionnaires scored using established norms

Answer 33

e.g.

Question 34

What are projective personality tests? | Ambiguous stimuli used to uncover unconscious desires

Answer 34

e.g.

Question 35

What is the MMPI? | Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Answer 35

widely used objective test for psychopathology and personality traits.

Question 36

What is the Rorschach Inkblot Test? | A projective test using ambiguous inkblots to reveal unconscious thoughts.

Question 37

What is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)? | Projective test where people create stories about ambiguous images to uncover motives.

Question 38

What is the difference between surface traits and source traits? | Surface traits: obvious traits; Source traits: underlying

Answer 38

basic dimensions of personality.

Question 39

Who is Raymond Cattell? | Psychologist who used factor analysis to identify 16 personality source traits.

Question 40

What is self-efficacy in personality? | Belief in one’s ability to succeed in specific situations.

Question 41

What is the difference between stable and unstable personality traits? | Stable traits remain consistent over time; unstable traits vary with situations.

Question 42

What is the role of culture in personality? | Culture influences values

Answer 42

behaviors

Question 43

What is an example of a defense mechanism in daily life? | Denial: refusing to accept a bad medical diagnosis.

Question 44

What is the difference between trait and state? | Trait: enduring characteristic; State: temporary condition.

Question 45

What is the difference between Freud’s psychosexual stages and Erikson’s psychosocial stages? | Freud: unconscious drives shape personality; Erikson: social relationships and crises shape development.

Question 46

What is the Big Five’s predictive value? | Traits can predict behaviors

Answer 46

job performance

Question 47

What is an example of reciprocal determinism? | A student’s interest in music

Answer 47

practice habits